AOBIC.       DEPT. 


LIBRARY 
Asrnc.    M  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF  THE 

STATE  VITICULTURAL  COMMISSION. 


,  January,  1896. 
Accession  No.  (pfHtt-j^L       Class  No. 


S/P. 


ELVIRA 


FROM  NATURE  FOR  THE  BUSHBERG  GATmQGUE, 

Jno.  M9Kittrick&Co.Chromo  Lith. 


j/t: 

ILLUSTRATED 


DESCRIPTIVE   CATALOGUE 


OF 


WITH 


IDIIRIEOTXOIN-S    :Fo:e,    TIHCIEIIR, 


BT 


BUSH  &  SON  &  MEISSNER, 


r\  f\  ,  And 

ISIDOB  BUSH  &  SON pRAPE      LrROWEI\S,  { PROPRIETORS  OP  THE 


BUSHBERG,  JEFFERSON  CO.,  MO. 


[5irar*^ 


[COPYRIGHT    SECURED.] 

TIBS1TT, 


E*v«i  *  t  a 
%*$%/ 


SAIXT  LOUIS: 

THE  K    P.  STUDLEY  CO.,  PRINTERS,  LITHOGRAPHERS,  AND  MANUFACTURING  STATIONERS. 

1876. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1875,  by  BUSH  &  SON  A  MEISSNER,  Bushberg,  Jefferson  Co.,  Mo. 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


TO  OUR  CUSTOMERS. 


[FROM  FIRST  EDITION,  1869.] 


Our  success  in  grape  growing,  and  in  the  propa- 
gation of  grape  vines,  has  been  highly  satisfactory, 
in  fact,  far  beyond  our  expectations.  In  view  of 
the  very  great  competition  even  of  large  well  known 
and  long  established  nurseries,  this  success  is 
highly  flattering,  and  has  encouraged  us  to  increase 
our  efforts  so  as  to  produce  for  next  season  a  large 
stock,  not  excelled  by  any  other  establishment  in 
the  country  in  quality,  and  embracing  almost  every 
valuable  variety.  * 

We  do  not  pretend  to  furnish  "better  and  cheaper 
vines  than  can  be  afforded  by  any  other  establish- 
ment." We  do  not  pretend  that  "money-making 
is  secondary  with  us,  "  we  leave  this  to  others;  all 
w6  do  claim  is,  that  we  hope  to  merit  a  reasonable 
share  of  patronage,  the  continued  confidence  of  our 
customers,  and  a  fair  profit. 

In  this  connection,  we  cannot  refrain  from  refer-  > 
ring  with  a  certain  pride  to  the  voluntary  assurances 
of  satisfaction  we  received,  some  of  which  are  pub- 
lished herewith.  Desiring  to  return  our  thanks  to 
our  customers  in  an  appropriate  and  tangible  form, 
and  to  respond  to  a  desire  often  expressed  by  our 
correspondents,  we  concluded  to  present  them  with 
a  fine  Illustrated  and  Descriptive  Catalogue,  wherein 
the  characteristic  and  relative  merits  of  our  differ- 
ent varieties  are  clearly  stated. 

We  leave  it  to  others  to  judge  of  its  merits.  We 
tried  to  get  up  something  better  than  a  mere  price 
list,  something  that  will  be  interesting  and  useful  to 
progressive  grape  culturists,  and  have  not  spajred 
time,  labor  or  money  in  preparing  it. 

It  has  become  customary  to  prefix  to  a  descrip- 


tive Catalogue  of  fruits  and  flowers  some  brief 
directions  for  their  cultivation,  and  we  have  been 
urged  to  do  the  same. 

We  are  aware,  however,  that  some  short  and  very 
incomplete  directions,  "a  few  hints,"  do  more  harm 
than  good.  They  generally  only  confuse  the  tyro 
or  misrepresent  grape  growing  as  a  very  easy  mat- 
ter, requiring  no  larger  outlay  of  capital,  nor  any 
more  knowledge,  skill,  and  labor  than  to  produce  a 
crop  of  corn.  This  we  do  not  wish  to  do.  But  on 
the  other  hand  we  are  also  aware  that  the  excellent 
but  somewhat  costly  books  on  grape  culture,  by 
Fuller,  Husmann,  Strong,  and  others,  are  not  pur- 
chased by  every  grape  grower,  and  that  many  of 
these  are  somewhat  afraid  of  reading  whole  books. 
Moreover,  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in 
grape  culture  since  these  books  were  written ;  their 
very  authors,  indefatigable  horticulturists  as  they 
are,  have  by  study  and  experience,  modified  their 
views  on  some  points,  but  have  not  had  time  or  en- 
couragement enough  from  their  publishers  to  re- 
write their  works  for  new  editions,  and  thus  we  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  a  short  manual,  containing 
plain  but  full  directions  in  regard  to  the  planting,  cul- 
ture, and;training  of  Grape-vines,  and  offered  for  less 
than  its  cost,  would  be  welcome!  We  have  availed 
ourselves  of  the, writings  of  our  friend  and  teacher, 
Husmann,  and  of  the  works  of  Downing,  Fuller, 
and  many  others,  to  whom  due  credit  is  given  in 
the  proper  places ;  and  while  we  lay  little  claim  to 
originalitv,  we  hope  that  this  Catalogue  may  afford 
pleasure  and  profit  to  some,  at  least,  of  those  into 
whose  hands  it  may  come. 


[INTRODUCTION  TO  NEW  EDITION— 1875.] 


Six  years,  embracing  the  most  disastrous  and  the 
most  favorable  seasons  to  grape  culture,  have 
elapsed  since  the  first  edition  of  this  Catalogue. 
Our  experience  has  been  enriched,  observations 
have  been  made  on  old,  and  on  then  untried  varie- 
ties, and  some  very  promising  new  varieties  have 
since  been  added  to  our  list,  but  above  all,  one  cir- 
cumstance, the  discovery  of  the  Grape  Root-louse, 
the  Phylloxera,  has  led  to  a  new,  a  RADICAL  study 
of  the  American  Grape  Vines. 

Our  business  as  grape  growers  and  propagators 
assumed  such  large  dimensions  that  we  discarded  the 
culture  and  propagation  of  small  fruits  &c.,  and 
devoted  all  the  space  of  our  grounds,  all  our  means, 
cares  and  attention  to  GRAPE  CULTURE  ONLY  AND 


EXCLUSIVELY,  for  which  we  have  unusual  facilities, 
and  a  most  favorable  soil  and  location.  This  ena- 
bles us  to  raise  a  superior  stock,  and  to  make  it 
more  advantageous  to  the  public,  and  even  to  the 
leading  nurseries  of  other  branches  of  Horticulture, 
to  deal  with  us,  whose  grape  nursery  business  is 
now  admitted  to  be  the  first  and  most  extensive  of 
its  kind  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

We  owe  our  reputation  to  our  determination  to 
give  complete  satisfaction,  and  to  deserve  the  en- 
tire confidence  of  our  customers,  furnishing  none 
but  good,  healthy,  genuine  plants,  unmixed,  and 
true  to  name,  packed  in  the  best  manner,  at  as  low 
prices  as  possible. 

We  have  no  seedlings  of  our  own,  and  impartially 


recommend  such  varieties  only,  new  or  old,  as  have 
real  superior  merit,  and  while  the  demand  compels 
us  to  disseminate  some  inferior  varieties  (Hartford 
Prolific  for  instance)  and  untried  novelties,  over- 
praised, perhaps,  by  their  originators,  our  Descrip- 
tive Catalogue  shall  save  the  reader  from  some  of 
the  bitter  disappointments  which  grape  growers 
have  so  often  experienced.  For  the  sake  of  com- 
pleteness, and  in  the  interest  of  science,  we  have 
added,  (in  smaller  type)  the  descriptions  of  nearly 
all  the  old  discarded  varieties  and  of  many  new  ones 
not  yet  tested,  and  not  propagated  by  us;  thus 
adding,  we  think,  to  the  value  of  this  catalogue 
(though  also  to  its  cost). 

We  have  carefully  endeavored  to  avoid  all  undue 
praise,  and  to  mention  the  shortcomings  even  of 
our  best  varieties ;  especially  do  we  desire  to  warn 


against  the  error  of  considering  ANY  variety  fit  for 
universal  cultivation.  To  this  end  a  study  of  the 
CLASSIFICATION  of  our  grapes  in  the  Manual  is 
earnestly  recommended.  Many  failures  will  thus  be 
avoided  which  have  blasted  the  hopes,  so  prevalent 
ten  years  ago  throughout  the  country,  with  regard 
to  grape  culture;  and  its  success,  now  aided  by  a 
higher  tariff  on  imported  wines,  by  increased  de- 
mand for  the  fruit  and  its  products,  by  less  sanguine 
expectations,  and  above  all  by  better  knowledge  as 
to  the  selection  of  varieties,  locations,  and  proper 
mode  of  culture,  will  be  comparatively  certain. 

Finally  we  beg  to  state  that  WK  HAVE  NO  AGENTS 
to  solicit  orders  for  our  Grape  Vines.  Persons  who 
desire  to  obtain  plants  from  us  will  kindly  favor  us 
with  their  orders  by  mail,  direci,  or  through  reliable 
Nurseries  or  dealers  who  get  them  from  us. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


We  could  give  a  long  list  of  names  of  the  leading  Grape-growers  and  Nurserymen,  and  of  the  prominent 
Horticulturists,  in  this  country  as  well  as  in  Europe,  who  favored  us  with  their  commands,  and  to  whom  we 
may  confidently  refer;  but  we  natter  ourselves  that  our  name  is  now  so  widely  known,  and  our  reputation  so 
well  established,  that  this  would  be  unnecessary,  and  we  confine  ourselves  to  but  a  few 

EXTRACTS  FROM  LETTERS  OF  OUR  CUSTOMERS. 


[FROM  OUR  FIRST  EDITION.] 

ST.  CHARLES,  Mo.,  Nov.  9th,  1668. 
MKSSKS.  BUSH  &  SON  : 

Gentlemen  .—Hundred  Rogers  No.  1  came  duly  to  hand; 
also  your  favor  of  5th  inst.     The  vines  are  fine. 

C.   T.  MALL1NCKRODT. 


ARLINGTON,  Mo.,  MARCH,  I860. 

THE  vines  I  got  of  you  last  fall  were  the  best  I  ever  saw 
sent  out  from  a  nursery— stout,  healthy  looking,  and  ex- 
cellently well  rooted.  C.  W.  GILL. 

COLL1N8VILLE,  ILLS  ,NOV.  14,  1869. 

Dear  Sir:— The  ISO  Hartford  grape  roots  caine  to  hand 
a  few  days  since,  and  were  finer  than  any  grape  plants  I 
have  received  from  any  one  whom  I  have  yet  got  grape 
roots  of.  In  a  word,  they  were  fine 

GEO.  A.  MILLER. 


CENTRAL  POSTOFFICE,  ST.  Louis  Co.,  Mo  ,  JULY  30,  '69. 
The  plants  purchased  of  your  firm  this  spring,  compri- 
sing ten  different  varieties  to  the  number  of  3,000,  have 
given  very  good  satisfaction.  They  have  all  proved  to 
be  vigorous  growers  and  give  promise  of  complete  suc- 
cess for  the  future.  CHAS.  BRACHES. 


"SPRINGFIELD  NURSERY,"  SPRINGFIELD.  MO.,  APRIL  10  '69. 

Gentlemen :— I  have  just  finished  planting  the  4,000  grape 
vines  you  sold  me  last  November.  They  were  shipped 
so  late  I  had  some  fear  of  frost,  but  they  -wereiso  well 
packed  that  they  arrived  in  the  very  best  condition,  giv- 
ing satisfaction  fan  Quality  also,  for  the  whole  lot  are 
healthy,  well  rooted  vines  D.  S.  HOLMAN. 

WE8TON,  MO.,  April  30.  1869. 

Dear  Sirs:—  The  shipment  of  vines  came  to  hand  about 
the  5th  of  the  month  and  have  been  all  planted.  They 
were  delayed  over  ten  days  on  the  railroad,  and  1  feared 
some  of  them  might  have  been  injured,  but  I  am  gratified 
to  inform  you  they  have  nearly  all  lived  and  look  well. 
The  very  low  prices  at  which  you  sell  such  thrifty  vines 
ought  to  recommend  you  to  the  grape  growers  of  the 
State.  JNO.  DONIPHAN. 

[FROM  LAST  SEASON,  1874.] 

BUSH  &  SON  &MKISSNER: 

Your  invoice  of  March  1st  came  safely  to  hand.    The 

vines  are  all  in  best  condition,  ana  growing  vigorously. 

LOUIS  REICH,  Arles-S-Rhone,  France. 

It  gives  m*1  pleasure  to  say  that  everybody  concerned 
was  well  satisfied  with  the  quality  of  the  plants,  and  all 
unite  in  the  request  that  you  will  send  us  the  balance 
ordered  without  delay 

W.  W.  MINOR,  JR.,   Charlottesville.  Va, 


The  vines  give  entire  satisfaction.  I  don't  know  when 
I  haveseen  more  beautifully  rooted  plants:  the  tops  are 
quite  large  enough  and  healthy.  You  have  equalled  all 
my  expectations,  *  *  *  you  give 

decidedly  the  best  vines  for  the  price  I  ever  heard  of. 

C.  W.  RIDGELY,  Baltimore,  Md. 


Genl.  Lippincott  received  the  400  grape  vines;  he  is 
very  much  pleased  with  the  plants. 

J.  M.  TELLES,  Chandlersville,  Cass  Co.,  Ills. 

The  grape  vines  received  in  good  order.  1  am  much 
pleased  with  them,  I  must  say  they  are  the  finest  lot  of 
vines  I  have  e\er  received 

HUGH  ARCHIBALD,  West  Salem,  Ills. 


The  grape  vines  ordered  from  you  reached  me  to  day 
in  first  rate  condition.    They  are  of  excellent  quality,  the 
best  I  have  ever  received.    Allow  me  to  express  my  sat- 
isfaction witli  the  manner  in  which  the  order  was  filled. 
RICHARD  T.  ALLISON,  Baltimore,  Md. 


I  liked  the  plants,  and  how  they  compared  in  quality 
with  plants  from  *          * 

N.  N.  PALMER,   Broadhead,  Wise. 

The  vines  received  this  spring  are  splendid,  and  every 
one  growing. 

HARRY  C.  CAMPBELL,  Pensacola,  Fla. 


All  are  well  pleased  wit  li  the  vines ;  you  have  my  best 
thanks.  • 

DAVID  ZWEIFEL,  Nillwood,  Ills. 


The  vines  which  I  had  from  you  last  spring  all  grew 
magnificently. 

M.  WUTHR1CH,  Egg  Harbor  City,  N.  J. 

The  vines  came  promptly  to  hand;  I  am  well  pleased. 
They  are  finer  ones  than  I  expected  for  the  price. 

AMOS  S.  COLLINS,  Carrolton,  La. 

The  grape  plants  gave  good  satisfaction,  and  arrived 
in  splendid  condition. 

J.  P.  BRUBAKER,  Wachusa,  Ills. 

I  take  pleasure  to  tell  you  that  the  plants  received  from 
you  last  spring  all  look  very  healthy,  and  are  making 
fine  growth.  I  am  proud  to  be  able  to  recommend  your 
establishment  to  all  my  friends. 

FR.  BETZ,  Lawrence,  Kas. 

The  vines  you  sent  me  this  fall  are  all  first  class  in 
every  respect.— Send  me  your  descriptive  catalogue  as 
soon  as  it  is  out. 

JOHN  MAUPIN,  Mt.  Sterling,  Ky. 


GRAPE    MANUAL. 


CLIMATE,   SOIL,   AND  ASPECTS. 

"Whether  the  Grape-vine  is  a  native  of  Asia, 
and  has  followed  the  footsteps  of  man  from  the 
shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  "intertwined  its 
tendrils  with  civilization  and  refinement  in 
every  age,"  or  whether  the  hundreds  of  varie- 
ties that  now 'exist  spring  from  different  pri- 
modial  forms  or  species,  certain  it  is  that,  al- 
though the  Grape-vine  may  be  found  in  Europe 
from  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Baltic  Sea,  and 
in  America  from  the  Gulf  to  the  Lakes,  the  vine 
is  nevertheless  peculiarly  the  growth  of  definite, 
climatic  conditions;  so  much  so  that  even  in  its 
most  adapted  climate  there  are  often  seasons  if 
not  of  actual  failure,  at  least  of  an  imperfect  de- 
velopment of  its  fruit.  From  long  and  careful 
observations  of  temperature  and  moisture  -in 
years  of  success  and  of  failure,  we  have  finally 
arrived  at  some  definite  conclusions  respecting 
the  meteorological  influences  affecting  the 
grape.* 

1st.  No  matter  how  excellent  the  soil,  if  there 
is  a  less  average  than  fifty-five  degrees  of  tem- 
perature for  the  growing  mouths  of  April,  May 
and  June,  and  a  less  average  than  sixty-five  de- 
grees for  the  maturing  mouths  of  July,  August 
and  September,  there  can  be  no  hope  of  suc- 
cess; and  where  the  temperature  averages  sixty- 
five  degrees  for  the  former  months  and  seventy- 
five  degrees  for  the  latter,  other  conditions  be- 
ing equal,  fruit  of  the  greatest  excellence  can 
be  raised,  and  wine  of  the  greatest  body  and 
finest  excellence  can  be  produced. 

2d.  When  there  is  an  average  rain  fall  of  six 

*  James  S.  Lippincott:  Climatology  of  American 
G rapes.  —  Id  Geography  of  PJants  -  V.  S.  Agr  Reports, 
186^  and  Ib63  —Dr.  J  Stayman :  The  Meteorological  Influ- 
ences affecting  the  Grape. 


inches  for  the  months  of  April,  May  and  June, 
and  an  average  of  five  inches  for  the  months  of 
July,  August  and  September,  other  conditions 
favorable,  we  cannot  succeed  in  raising  grapes. 
When  the  average  rainfall  for  the  first  months 
is  not  more  than  four  inches,  and  the  average 
for  the  latter  is  not  more  than  three  inches, 
other  conditions  favorable,  the  hardy  varieties 
can  be  cultivated  with  success.  But  where 
there  is  less  average  rainfall  than  five  inches 
for  April,  May  and  June,  and  a  less  average 
than  two  inches  in  July,  August  and  Septem- 
ber, all  other  conditions  being*  favorable,  fruit 
of  the  best  quality  can  be  raised,  and  wine  of 
the  greatest  body  and  excellence  can  be  made. 
The  humidity  of  the  atmosphere  in  some  coun- 
tries, the  dry  ness  of  the  air  in  others,  will,  of 
course,  materially  change  the  proportion  of 
rainfall  required  for  or  injurious  to  the  grape. 
Here,  a  clear  sky  and  dry  atmosphere,  high 
temperature  and  very  little  rainfall  for  the  latter 
three  months,  and  a  less  change  of  temperature 
than  50  degrees  in  twenty-four  hours,  any  time 
of  the  year,  are  the  most  favorable  conditions 
for  success. 

There  are  only  a  few  countries  where  the 
grape  will,  in  favorable  seasons,  grow  to  per- 
fection, and  there  is  no  country  in  the  world 
where  all  kinds  of  grapes  would  succeed.  Spe- 
cies found  in  the  lower  latitudes  will  not  flour- 
ish if  removed  further  north;  the  natives  of 
higher  latitudes  will  not  endure  the  southern 
heat;  the  Scuppernong  cannot  ripen  north  of 
Virginia;  the  fox  grape  of  the  North  will 
scarcely  grow  in  the  lower  regions  of  Carolina 
and  Georgia;  a  vine  which  produces  delicious 
grapes  in  Missouri  may  become  very  inferior  in 
the  most  favored  localities  of  New  Hampshire. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Thus  the  climate,  the  mean  temperature  as 
well  as  the  extremes,  the  length  of  the  growing 
season,  the  relative  amount  of  rain,  the  ameli- 
orating influence  of  lakes  and  large  rivers,  the 
altitude  as  well  as  the  soil,  have  an  almost  in- 
credible influence  on  various  varieties  of  grapes ; 
and  a  judicious  choice  of  locations  adapted  to 
the  grape,  and  of  varieties  adapted  to  our  loca- 
tion, its  climate  and  soil,  is  therefore  of  the  first 
importance. 

Unfortunately,  this  has  been  and  is  even  now 
but  insufficiently  understood.  Indigenous  wild 
grapes  were  found  at  the  discovery  of  this  new 
world ;  the  legend  tells  us  that  when  the  Nor- 
mans first  discovered  this  country  "Hleif  Eric- 
son"  called  the  land  Wineland.  As  early  as 
1564  wine  was  made  by  the  first  colonists  from 
the  native  grape  in  Florida.  Thus  during  the 
previous  centuries  wine  has  occasionally  been 
made  in  America  from  native  grapes,  and  men- 
tion of  it  is  found — (the  French  settlers  near 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  made,  in  1769,  one  hundred  and 
ten  hogsheads  of  strong  wine  from  wild  grapes) 
— "but  neither  the  quality  of  the  wine  nor  the 
price  obtained  for  it  offered  sufficient  induce- 
ment to  persevere." — Buchanan. 

The  European  grape,  Vitis  Vinifera,  was, 
therefore,  considered  the  only  true  wine  grape. 
A  London  Company  sent,  in  1630  French  vigne-, 
rons  into  the  Virginia  Colony  to  plant  grape- 
vines which  they  had  imported  for  the  purpose ; 
the  poor  vignerons  were  blamed  for  their  fail- 
ure. In  1633  Wm.  Penn  tried  to  introduce  and 
cultivate  European  varieties  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
vain.  In  1690  a  Swiss  Colony,  grape  growers 
from  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  tried  to  raise  grapes 
and  make  wine  in  Jessamine  Co.,  Ky.,  but  their 
hopes  were  soon  frustrated,  their  labor  and 
fund— $10,000,  a  large  amount  in  those  days — 
were  lost ;  and  only  when  they  commenced  to 
cultivate  an  indigenous  grape,  which  they  how- 
ever supposed  to  be  from  the  Cape,  (see  Alex- 
ander} they  had  somewhat  better  success.  The 
attempts  with  German,  French,  and  Spanish 
vines,  made  again  and  again,  proved  failures. 
Hundreds  of  thousands,  (comprising  many  dif- 
ferent sorts)  of  the  best  European  vines  were 
imported,  but  they  all  perished  "  from  the  vicis- 
situdes of  the  climate."  Thousands  of  failures 
are  recorded;  not  one  of  durable  success;  and 
Downing  was  fully  justified  in  saying:  (Horti- 
culturist^ Jan.  1851)  "  The  introduction  of  the 
foreign  grape  in  this  country  for  open  vineyard 
culture  is  impossible.  Thousands  of  individuals 
have  tried  it — the  result  in  every  case  has  been 
the  same;  a  season  or  two  of  promise,  then 


utter  failure."  (Always  excepting  California, 
which  was  then  almost  unknown,  but  which  is 
now  the  greatest  wine-producing  State  of  this 
country.  All  our  remarks  on  grape  culture 
refer  only  to  the  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.) 

While  this  fact  could  not  be  denied,  the  cause 
remained  a  mystery.  All  pronounced  the  Eu- 
ropean grape  as  "  unsuited  to  our  soil  and  cli- 
mate;" all  attributed  its  failure  to  that  cause. 
But  we,  and  doubtless  many  others  with  us, 
could  not  help  thinking  that  "  soil  and  climate" 
cannot  be  the  sole  causes;  for  this  vast  country 
of  ours  possesses  a  great  many  locations  where 
soil  and  climate  are  quite  similar  to  that  of  some 
parts  of  Europe  at  least,  where  the  Vinifera 
flourishes ;  is  it  then  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
none  of  the  many  varieties  which  are  grown  in 
Europe  under  so  varied  climatic  conditions, 
from  Mainz  to  Naples,  from  the  Danube  to  the 
Rhone,  should  find  a  congenial  spot  in  these 
United  States,  embracing  almost  every  climate 
of  the  temperate  zone?  If  soil  and  climate  were 
so  unsuited,  how  is  it  that  the  young,  tender 
European  vines  grow  so  well,  so  promising  of 
success,  tor  a  few  seasons ;  in  large  cities  some- 
times even  for  several  years?  How  explain  the 
fact  that  the  finest  European  varieties  of  other 
fruits,  the  pear  for  instance,  are  successfully 
grown  here,  and  that,  but  for  the  curculio,  the 
Reine  Claude  and  German  Prunes  would  flour- 
ish here  as  well  as  there?  Slight  differences  of 
soil  and  climate  might  well  produce  marked  dif- 
ferences in  the  constitution  of  the  vine,  perhaps 
also  somewhat  in  the  flavor  and  quality  of  the 
grapes,  but  could  not  sufficiently  account  for 
their  absolute  failure.  Nevertheless  our  learned 
Horticulturists  looked  for  no  other  cause,  they 
went  even  so  far  as  to  teach  that  "  if  we  really 
wished  to  acclimate  the  foreign  grape  here,  we 
must  go  to  the  seeds  and  raise  two  or  three  new 
generations  in  the  American  soil  and  climate." 
In  obedience  to  these  teachings  numerous  fruit- 
less attempts  have  been  made  to  raise  here  seed- 
lings of  the  European  grape  that  will  endure  our 
climate.  Like  their  parents,  they  seemed  suc- 
cessful for  a  time  * — to  be  soon  discarded  and 


*  Among  the  seedlings  of  foreign  grapes,  raised  in  the 
U.  S  ,  which  obtained  a  name  and  fame,  aie :  Brinkle  and 
Emily, 'raised  by  Peter  Raabe  of  Philadelphia;  Brandy- 
wine,  originated  near  Wilmington,  Del. ;  Katarka  and 
Montgomery,  or  Merritt's  Seedling,  raised  by  Dr  W  A. 
Royce,  of  Newburg,  N.  Y.  To  these  belong  also  Clara 
and  Weehawken  (see  description).  N.  Grein,  near  Her- 
mann, Mo.,  raised  duiing  these  last  years  hundreds  of 
young  vines  from  imported  Riesling  seed;  nearly  all  of 
them  were  barren,  one,  however,  proved  so  far,  suffi- 
ciently prolific  and  free  from  disease  to  allow  its  origi- 
nator to  make  some  wine  from  its  fruit  last  fall  (1874), 
the  quality  and  flavor  of  which  is  equal  to  the  best  Riesling 
of  the  Rhine! 


GfiAPE  MANUAL. 


orgotten.  But,  in  the  absence  of  any  satisfac- 
tory reason  for  these  failures,  it  is  quite  natural 
that  renewed  attempts  were  and  are  continually 
made.*  We  ourselves,  imported  in  the  spring 
of  1867,  from  Austria,  about  300  rooted  vines, 
(Yeltliner,  Blue  Baden,  Tantowina,  Eiesling, 
Tokay,  Uva  Pana,  &c.,)  not  with  expectations 
of  success,  but  with  a  view  to  discover  by  care- 
ful observation,  the  real  cause  of  failure,  and 
knowing  the  true  cause,  to  be  then  perhaps 
able  to  obviate  it.  The  vines  grew  splendidly, 
but  during  the  summer  of  1869,  though  bearing 
some  beautiful  fruit,  their  foliage  began  to  ex- 
hibit a  yellow,  sickly  appearance.  In  1870  many 
were  dying  and  we  almost  despaired  of  discov- 
ering the  cause,  when  our  State  Entomologist, 
Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,  informed  us  that  a  discovery 
had  just  been  made  in  France,  by  MM  Plan- 
chon  and  Lichtenstein:  that  the  serious  grape 
disease  which  had  attacked  their  noble  vine- 
yards, was  caused  by  a  root-louse,  which  bears 
a  close  resemblance  to^our  American  grape-leaf 
gall-louse,  an  insect  long  known  here,  but  then 
more  than  usually  abundant,  actually  covering 
all  the  Clinton  foliage  in  1870.  In  3871  and 
since,  Prof.  Riley  often  visited  our  vineyards, 
as  we  gave  him  full  permission  and  cheerful 
assistance  to  unearth  both  diseased  and  healthy 
vines,  native  and  foreign,  of  every  kind,  in  order 
to  examine  their  roots  and  to  study  the  ques- 
tion. By  his  observations  and  those  of  Prof. 
Planchon,  made  by  both  in  this  country  as  well 
as'  in  France,  and  afterwards  confirmed  and 
verified  by  all  prominent  naturalists,  the  iden- 
tity of  the  American  insect  with  the  one  lately 
discovered  in  France,  and  of  the  two  types,  the 
gall  and  the  root-lice,  has  been  substantiated, 
and  by  this  the  true  reason,  at  least  the  princi- 
pal cause  of  the  absolute  failure  of  European 
vines  in  this  country  has  been  discovered  ;f  but 
no  satisfactory  remedy.  While  the  mildew, 
(Peronospora  and  Oidium)  may  be  successfully 
treated  with  sulphur,  it  seems,  so  far,  impossi- 
ble to  destroy  or  to  protect  against  this  insect 
enemy ;  while  the  vigorous  roots  of  our  Ameri- 
can vines  enjoy  a  relative  immunity  from  its  in- 


Rush, a  German,  planted  (in  1860)  varieties  of 
the  Vinifera  on  Kelly's  Island;  they  seemed  to  succeed 
the  first  three  years  remarkably  well,  then  they  died 
and  were  replaced  by  the  Catawba  vineyards,  which  his 
son  still  successfully  cultivates. 

As  late  as  1872,  M.  J  Labiaux,  at  Ridgeway,  North  Car- 
olina, undertook  to  plant  vineyards  with  70,000  cuttings 
(principally  Aramons),  imported  from  Southern  France. 
In  the  same  vicinity,  Mr.  Eug.  Morel,  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Jules 
Guyot  (the  best  authority  on  French  grape  culture; ,  and 
others,  are  also  cultivating  several  thousands  of  Euro- 
pean vines— with  what  success  remains  to  be  seen. 

fSee  •'  Insects  injurious  to  the  grape-vine,"  at  the  close 
of  this  "  Grape  Manual." 


juries,  the  pest  thrives  on  the  tender  roots  of  the 
European  vines,  which  readily  succumb. 

The  French  Commission,  in  its  report  to  the 
Viticultural  Congress,  held  at  Montpellier,  Oct. 
1874,  came  to  the  conclusion  that:  "  In  presence 
of  the  non-success  obtained  from  all  attempts 
made  since  1868,  with  a  view  to  preserve  or  cure 
our  vines,  and  feeling  that  after  six  years  of  ef- 
forts in  this  direction,  no  process,  except  sub- 
mersion, has  been  found  effective,  many  persons 
are  quite  discouraged,  and  see  in  the  American 
vines,  whether  justly  so  or  not,  the  only  plank 
of  safety."  How  much  more,  then,  must  we 
look  to  species  which  we  find  indigenous  here, 
and  their  descendants,  for  success  in  grape  cul- 
ture. 

A  knowledge  of  the  distinctive  permanent 
characters  of  our  species,  and  a  proper  classifi- 
cation of  our  varieties,  referable  to  them,  is  of 
far  more  importance  than  is  generally  sup- 
posed.* And  while  many  grape  growers  may 
skip  over  the  following  pages  as  useless,  we 
hope  that  some  of  them  will  thank  us  for  em- 
bodying in  this  catalogue,  the  valuable  treatise 
on  this  subject  by  the  best  living  authority — Dr. 
G.  Englemann.  Twenty-five  years  ago  Robert 
Buchanan  wrote  in  his  valuable  little  book  on 
the  culture  of  the  grape :  "  The  perfection  of  a 
definite  arrangement  of  all  our  varieties  must 
remain  for  future  labors,  but  it  is  to  be  hoped 
an  end  so  desirable,  will  not  be  lost  sight  of." 
In  connection  with  the  question  of  the  relative 
susceptibility  of  our  grape-vines  to  the  attacks 
of  Phylloxera,  this  end  has  become  still  more 
desirable,  aye,  of  first  importance. 


*Even  Mr.  A.  S.  Fuller,  in  his  excellent  Treatise  on 
the  Grape  Culture,  written  in  1866,  said:  •'  Practically  it 
is  of  little  consequence  what  view  is  taken  of  these  un- 
usual forms  (of  distinct  species,  or  marked  varieties  of 
the  species),  as  the  cultivator  is  interested  in  them  only 
as  varieties,  and  it  is  of  no  particular  moment  to  him. 
whether  we  have  one  hundred  or  only  one  native  spe- 
species."  We  are  satisfied  that  he  considers  it  of  far 
more  consequence  now.  Moreover,  the  descriptions  of 
varieties  become  far  more  complete  and  intelligible  by 
referring  these  to  the  species  to  which  they  respectively 
belong.  Being  acquainted  with  the  distinct  character- 
istic peculiarities  of  each  species,  it  becomes  superflu- 
ous to  mention  in  a  grape  01  the  ^Estivalis  class  that  it  is 
free  from  foxiness,  or  if  of  the  Labrusca  class,  that  its 
foliage  is  wooly  beneath,  &c. 


BUSHBEBG  CATALOGUE. 


THE  TRUE  GRAPE-VINES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

BT  DR.    G.  EXGELMANN. 

The  Grape-vines  are  among  the  most  variable 
plants,  not  only  through  cultivation,  by  which 
numberless  varieties  have  been  produced,  but 
even  in  their  wild  state,  in  which  climate,  soil, 
shade,  humidity,  and  perhaps  natural  hybridi- 
zation, have  originated  such  a  multiplicity  and 
such  an  intermixture  of  forms,  that  it  is  most 
difficult  to  recognize  the  original  types  and  to 
refer  the  different  given  forms  to  their  proper 
alliances.  Only  by  carefully  studying  a  large 
number  of  forms  from  all  parts  of  the  -country, 
in  their  peculiar  mode  of  growth,  and  especially 
their  fructification,  or  rather  their  seeds,  are  we 
able  to  arrive  at  any  thing  like  a  satisfactory 
disposition  of  these  plants. 

Before  I  proceed  to  the  classification  of  our 
Grape-vines,  I  deem  it  necessary  to  make  a  few 
preliminary  remarks : 

All  the  true  Grape-vines  bear  fertile  flowers 
on  one  stock,  and  sterile  flowers  on  another 
separate  stock,  and  are,  therefore,  called  poly- 
gamous, or,  not  quite  correctly,  dioecious.  The 
sterile'  plants  do  bear  male  flowers  with 
abortive  pistils,  so  that  while  they  never  pro- 
duce fruit  themselves,  they  may  assist  in  fer- 
tilizing the  others;  the  fertile  flowers,  how- 
ever are  hermaphrodites,  containing  both  or- 
gans and  capable  of  ripening  fruit  without 
the  assistance  of  the  male  plants.*  Real  female 
flowers,  without  any  stamens,  do  not  seem  ever 
to  have  been  observed.  Both  forms,  the  male 
and  the  hermaphrodite,  or  if  preferred,  those 
with  sterile  and  those  with  complete  flowers, 
are  found  mixed  in  the  native  localities  of  the 
wild  plants,  but  only  the  fertile  plants  ,have 
been  selected  for  cultivation,  and  thus  it  hap- 
pens that  to  the  cultivator  only  these  are  known, 


*  These  fertile  plant"  however,  are  of  two  kinds;  some 
areperfect  hermaphrodites,  with  long  and  sti  aig  t  stam<  ns 
around  the  pistil;  the  others  be.  r  smaller  stamens, 
shorter  than  the  pistil,  which  so  n  bend  downward  and 
curve  under  it;  these  may  be  called  imperfect  hermaphro- 
dites, approaching  females,  and  they  do  not  seem  to  be 
as  fruitful  as  the  perfect  hermaphrodites,  unless  other- 
wise fertilized. 

It  is  proper  here,  to  insist  on  the  fact  that  nature  has 
not  produced  the  male  plants  without  a  definite  object, 
and  this  object  is,  without  any  doubt,  found  in  the 
more  perfect  fertilization  of  the  hermaphrodite  flow- 
ers, as  it  is  a  well  establish- d  fact  that  such  cross 
fertilization  products  more  abundant  and  healthier 
fruit.  Vine  growers  might  take  a  hint  from  these  ob- 
servations and  plant  a  few  male  stocks  in  their  vine- 
yards, say  1  to  40  or  50  of  their  feitile  stocks,  and  might 
expect  fiom  such  a  course  healthier  fruit,  which  proba- 
bly would  resist  rot  mid  other  diseases  better  than  fruit 
grown  in  the  ordinary  way  I  would  expect  such  bene- 
ficial influence  especially  in  all  varieties  that  have  short 
stamens,  such  as  the  Taylor.  JNlale  stocks  can  be  easily 
obtained  either  in  the  woods  or  from  seeds.  It  is  of 
course  understood  that  the  males  ought  to  belong  to  the 
same  species  (not  necessari  y  to  the  same  variety),  as 
the  fertile  plants  of  the  same  vineyard .  European  vine 
growers  may  also  profit  by  this  suggestion. 


and  as  the  Grape-vine  of  the  Old  World^  ha: 
been  in  cultivation  for  thousands  of  years,  it  hai 
resulted  that  this  hermaphrodite  character  o 
its  flowers  has  been  mistaken  for  a  botanical  pe 
culiarity,  by  which  it  was  to  be  distinguished 
not  only  from  our  American  Grape-vines,  bu 
also  from  the  wild  grapes  of  the  Old  World 
But  plants  raised  from  the  seeds  of  this,  as  wel 
as  of  any  other  true  Grape-vine,  generally  fur- 
nish as  many  sterile  as  fertile  specimens,  while 
those  produced  by  layering  or  cuttings,  oJ 
course  only  propagate  the  individual  charactei 
of  the  mother-plant. 

The  peculiar  disposition  of  the  tendrils  in  the 
Grape-vines,  first  indicated  by  Prof.  A.  Braun 
of  Berlin,  furnishes  an  important  characteristic 
for  the  distinction  of  one  of  our  most  cominonlj 
cultivated  species,  Vitis  Labrusca,  its  wild  and 
its  cultivated  varieties,  from  all  others.  In  this 
species — and  it  is  the  only  true  Vitis  exhibiting 
it — the  tendrils  (or  their  equivalent,  an  inflores- 
cence), are  found  opposite  each  leaf,  and  this  ar- 
rangement I  designate  as  continuous  tendrils. 
All  the  other  species,  known  to  me,  exhibit  a 
regular  alternation  of  two  leaves,  each  having  a 
tendril  opposite  it,  with  a  third  leaf  without 
such  a  tendril,  and  this  arrangement  may  be 
named  intermittent  tendrils.  Like  all  vegetable 
characters,  this  is  not  an  absolute  one;  to  ob- 
serve it  well  it  is  necessary  to  examine  well- 
grown  canes  found  in  early  summer,  and  neither 
sprouts  of  extraordinary  vigor  nor  stunted  au- 
tumnal branchlets.  The  few  lowest  leaves  of  a 
cane  have  no  opposite  tendrils,  but  after  the 
second  or  third  leaf  the  regularity  in  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  tendrils,  as  above  described, 
rarely  fails  to  occur.  In  weak  branches  we 
sometimes  find  tendrils  irregularly  placed  oppo- 
site leaves,  or,  sometimes,  none  at  all. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  connected  with  this 
law  of  vegetation,  that  most  Grape-vines  bear 
only  two  inflorescences  (consequently  two 
bunches  of  grapes)  upon  the  same  cane,  while 
in  the  forms  belonging  to  Labrusca  there  are 
often  three,  and  sometimes,  in  vigorous  shoots, 
four  or  five,  or  rarely,  even  six  in  succession, 
each  opposite  a  leaf.  Whenever,  in  rare  cases, 
in  other  species,  a  third  or  fourth  infloresence 
occurs,  there  will  always  be  found  a  barren  leaf 
(without  an  opposite  inflorescence)  between  the 
second  and  third  ones. 

Young  seedlings  of  all  the  Grape-vines  are 
glabrous  or  only  very  slightly  hairy.  The  cob- 
webby or  cottony  down,  so  characteristic  of 
some  species,  makes  its  appearance  only  in  the 
older  or  in  the  adult  plants ;  but  in  some  of  their 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


varieties,  and  not  rarely  in  the  cultivated  ones, 
it  is*  mainly  observed  in  the  young  growth  of 
spring  and  is  apt  to  disappear  in  the  mature 
leaf;  but  even  then  such  leaves  are  never  shin- 
ing as  they  are  in  the  glabrous  species,  but  have 
a  dull  or  unpolished,  or  even  wrinkled  surface. 

The  form  of  the  leaves  is  extremely  variable, 
and  descriptions  must  necessarily  remain  vague. 
Leaves  of  seedling  plants  are  all  entire,  i.  e.  not 
lobed;  young  shoots  from  the  base  of  old  stems, 
as  a  rule,  have  deeply  and  variously  lobed 
leaves,  even  where  the  mature  plant  shows  no 
such  disposition.  Some  species  *  or  some  forms 
of  a  few  species  f  have  all  the  leaves  more  or 
less  lobed,  while  others  exhibit  on  the  mature 
plant  only  entire,  or,  I  should  rather  say,  not 
lobed  leaves.  Only  the  leaves  of  flower-bearing 
canes  ought  to  be  considered  as  the  normal  ones. 

The  surface  of  the  leaves  is  glossy  and  shining, 
and  mostly  bright  green ;  or  it  is  dull  above  and 
more  or  less  glaucous  below.  The  glossy  leaves 
are  perfectly  glabrous,  or  they  often  bear,  es- 
pecially on  the  nerves  of  the  lower  side,  a  pu- 
bescence of  short  hair.  The  dull  leaves  are  cot- 
tony or  cobwebby,  downy  on  both  or  only  on 
the  under  side;  and  this  down  often  extends  to 
the  young  branches  and  to  the  peduncles,  but 
as  has  been  stated  above,  often  disappears  later 
in  the  season. 

Not  much  of  a  distinctive  character  can  be 
made  out  of  the  flowers.  It  is  observed,  how- 
ever, that  in  some  forms  the  stamens  are  not 
longer  than  the  pistil,  and  very  soon  bend  under 
it,  while  in  other  forms  they  are  much  longer 
than  the  pistil,  and  remain  straight  till  they  fall 
off.  It  is  possible  that  those  with  short  stamens 
are  less  fertile  than  the  others. 

The  time  of  flowering  is  quite  characteristic 
of  our  native  species,  and  it  seems  that  the  cul- 
tivated varieties  retain  herein  the  qualities  of 
their  native  ancestors.  The  different  forms  of 
Riparia  and  Cordifolia  flower  first  of  all ;  next 
comes  Labrusca  and  its  relatives,  and  the  last 
flowering  species  is  ^Estivalis.  If  we  are  per- 
mitted to  judge  from  a  few  isolated  observations, 
Vinifera  flowers  later  than  Labrusca,  and  a  lit- 
tle earlier  than  .^Estivalis.  Riparia  begins  to 
open  its  flowers,  according  to  the  season,  from 
one  to  over  two  weeks  earlier  than  the  first 
blossoms  of  JEstivalis  are  seen  in  the  same  local- 
ity. In  favorably  situated  vineyards  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  St.  Louis,  the  first  grape-vines  (Ripa- 
ria'), begin  to  bloom  between  May  10th  and  28th 
and  the  last  (^Estivalis),  end  between  June  1st 


*  Vitis  Riparia. 
jForms  of  Vitis  Labrusca  and  of  Vitis  JSstivalis. 


and  15th;  and  we  are  not  likely  to  have  here 
any  grape-vines  in  bloom  before  May  10th,  nor 
after  June  16th.* 

One  of  the  botanical  characters  of  the  Grape- 
vines is  found  in  the  seeds.  The  bunches  may 
be  larger  or  smaller,  looser  or  more  compact, 
branched  (shouldered)  or  more  simple,  condi- 
tions which,  to  a  great  extent,  depend  on  soil 
and  exposure;  the  berries  may  be  larger  or 
smaller,  of  different  color  and  consistency,  and 
contain  fewer  or  more  seeds  (never  more  than 
four),  but  the  seeds,  though  to  some  extent  va- 
riable, especially  on  .account  of  their  number 
and  mutual  pressure,  where  more  than  one  is 
present,  exhibit  some  reliable  differences. f  The 
big  top  of  the  seed  is  convex  or  rounded,  or  it 
is  more  or  less  deeply  notched.  The  thin  lower 
end  of  the  seed,  the  beak,  is  short  and  abrupt, 
or  it  is  more  or  less  elongated.  On  the  inner 
(ventral)  side  are  two  shallow  longitudinal  de- 
pressions. Between  them  is  a  ridge,  slight 
where  there  are  one  or  two  seeds,  or  sharper 
where  the  seeds  are  in  threes  or  fours ;  along 
this  ridge  the  raphe  (the  attached  funiciilus  or 
cord)  runs  from  the  hilum,  at  the  beak,  over 
the  top  of  the  seed,  and  ends  on  its  back  in 
an  oval  or  circular  well-marked  spot,  called 
by  botanists  chalaza.  This  raphe  is  on  that 
ridge  represented  by  a  slender  thread,  which 
on  the  top  and  back  of  the  seed  is  entirely  indis- 
tinct, or  scarcely  perceptible,  or  it  is  more  or 
less  prominent,  like  a  thread.  In  our  Amer- 
ican species  these  characters  seem  pretty  reli- 
able, but  in  the  varieties  of  the  old  world  grape- 
vine {Vinifera}}  several  thousands  of  years  re- 
moved from  their  native  sources,  the  form  of 
the  seed  has  also  undergone  important  modifi- 
cations, and  can  no  longer  be  considered  such  a 
safe  guide  as  in  our  species. 

The  annexed  cuts  of  18  grape  seeds  illustrate 
the  different  characters  which  have  been  men- 
tioned above.  The  figures  are  magnified  four 
times,  (4  diameters),  accompanied  by  an  outline 
of  natural  size,  all  represent  the  back  oof  the 
dry  seed. 

Figs.  1  to  3.  Vitis  ^Estivalis  with  the  raphe 
and  the  more  or  less  circular  chalaza  strongly 
developed;  the  seeds  are  from  wild  grapes 
gathered  about  St.  Louis,  the  seeds  of  the  cul- 


*  V.  Vulpina  blooms  even  later  than  ^Estivalis,  in  the 
South ;  it  does  not  grow  here. 

These  remarks  are  thrown  out,  more  to  induce  grape 
growers  to  devote  some  attention  to  such  observations, 
than  as  definitely  settling  these  points. 

t  A  single  seed  is  always  thicker,  plumper,  more 
rounded;  two  seeds  are  flattened  on  the  inner,  rounded 
on  the  outer  side;  three  or  four  seeds  are  more  slender 
and  angular;  these  different  variations,  may  sometimes 
be  found  in  berries  of  the  same  bunch. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


tivated  forms  are  very  similar;  figs.  1  and  2  are 
from  berries  with  1  and  2  seeds,  fig.  3  from  a 
larger  4-seeded  berry. 

Figs.  4  to  7.  Vitis  Riparia  from  wild  plants ; 
figs.  4  and  5  from  Goat  Island  on  the  Niagara 
Falls:  fig.  4  a  single  broad  seed;  fig.  5  from  a 
3-seeded  berry;  fig.  6  from  a  2-seeded  berry 
from  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  Ver- 
mont ;  fig.  7,  seed  of  the  June  grape  from  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi  below  St.  Louis.  The 
seeds  are  obtuse,  or  very  slightly  depressed  on 
top,  chalaza  rather  flat,  elongated  and  gradu- 
ally lost  in  a  groove  which  encloses  the  scarcely 
prominent  laphe.  The  seeds  of  the  true  Vitis 
Cordifolia  are  similar,  but  usually  with  a  more 
prominent  raphe,  somewhat  intermediate  be- 
tween ^Estivalis  and  Riparia. 

Figs.  8  and  9.  Taylor-Bullit  and  Clinton, 
both  believed  to  be  cultivated  forms  of  Ripa- 
ria,  with  seeds  larger,  but  of  the  same  shape. 

Fig.  10.  Delaware,  with  broad,  notched 
seeds,  indistinct  raphe  and  rather  flat  chalaza — 
appears  intermediate  between  Riparia  and  La- 
brusca. 

Figs.  11  and  12.  Vitis  Labrusca.  Fig.  11  a 
native  of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  fig.  12  of 
the  mountains  of  East  Tennessee.  Seeds  large, 
notched;  chalaza  more  depressed  in  the  first 
than  in  the  second;  no  raphe  is  seen  in  the 
groove  which  extends  from  the  chalaza  to  the 
notch. 

Fig.  13.  Vitis  Candicans,  from  Texas,  simi- 
lar to  the  last,  seeds  broader,  with  shorter 
beak,  less  distinctly  notched,  no  raphe  visible. 

Fig.  14.  Vitis  Vulpina,  from  South  Carolina, 
a  very  distinct  seed,  flatter,  with  straighter 
sides,  short  beak,  wrinkled  on  both  surfaces, 
notched  on  top,  narrow  chalaza,  no  visible  raphe. 

Figs.  15  to  18.  Vitis  Vinifera,  from  Europe, 
different  forms,  which  are  introduced  here  for 
comparison  with  the  American  species.  Fig. 
1£,  Brusca,  the.  native  species  of  Tuscany 
(Northern  Italy)  ;  fig.  16,  Riesling,  cultivated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine;  fig.  17,  Gutedel 
(Chasselas),  from  the  same  region;  fig.  18, 
Black  Hamburg,  from  a  grapery  near  London. 
All  these  seeds,  different  as  they  are  among 
themselves,  are  easily  distinguished  from  all 
American  grape-seeds,  by  the  narrower  and 
usually  longer  beak  (or  lower  part),  and  espec- 
ially by  the  large,  though  not  very  prominent 
chalaza,  which  occupies  the  upper,  and  not  the 
middle  part  of  the  seed.  These  four  specimen 
seeds  represent  the  principal  forms,  but  not  all 
European  grape  seeds  agree  entirely  with  them. 


v.  JESTIVALIS. 

Fig.  1.  Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 


V.  RIPARIA. 
Fig  4.  Fig  5 


Fig.  6. 


V.  RIPARIA.  TAYLOR.  CLINTON. 

Fig.  7.  Fig8.  Fig  9. 


V.  LABRUSCA.  DELAWARE. 

Fig.  11.  Fig. 12.  Fig. 10. 


V.VULPINA         V.  CANDICANS.        V.  VINIFERA. 

Fig  14.  Fig  13.  Fig.  15.  Brusca. 


VITIS  VINIFERA. 
Fig  16,  Riesling.  Fig.  17,  Chasselas.  Fig.  18.  Bl.  Hamb'g. 


GKAPE  MANUAL. 


It  is  interesting  to  know  that  since  the  times 
of  Linnaeus  and  of  Michaux,  not  a  single  real 
species  has  been  added  to  those  belonging  to  the 
territory  of  the  old  United  States,  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  though  Rafinesque,  LeConte 
and  perhaps  others,  have  attempted  to  distinguish 
and  characterize  a  great  many  more ;  while  Di- 
rector Regel,  of  the  St.  Petersburg  botanic  gar- 
den, has  lately  attempted,  rather  unnaturally, 
to  contract  them  and  unite  them  with  old  world 
species — Vitis  Vinifera,  resulting,  according  to 
his  views,  from  the  hybridization  of  several  of 
these  species.* 

The  number  of  true  Grape-vines  (with  petals 


*The  Grape-vine  of  the  Old  World,  Vitis  Vinifera, 
Linnaeus,  finds  its  place  in  this  section,  between  'Vitis. 
Riparia  and  Vitis  ^stivalis.  Though  many  of  its  cul- 
tivated varieties  bear  berries  as  large,  or  even  larger 
thary  those  of  any  of  our  American  Grape-vines,  other 
cultivated  forms,  and  especially  the  true  wine-grapes, 
those  from  which  the  best  wines  are  obtained,  and  also 
the  wild  or  naturalized  ones,  have  fruit  not  larger  than 
that  of  the  above  named  native  species. 

This  plant,  together  with  the  Wheat,  belongs  to  those 
earliest  acquisitions  of  cultivation,  the  history  of  which 
reaches  beyond  the  most  ancient  written  records.  Not 
only  have  the  sepulchres  of  the  mummies  of  ancient 
Egypt  preserved  us  its  fruit  (large  sized  berries)  and 
seed,  but  its  seeds  have  even  been  discovered  in  the  la- 
custrian  habitations  of  northern  Italy.  It  is  a  mooted 
question,  where  to  "look  for  the  native  country  of  this 
plant,  and  whether  or  not  we  owe  the  different  varie- 
ties of  our  present  Vinifera  to  one  or  to  several  countries, 
and  to  one  or  to  several  original  wild  species,  which, 
by  cultivation  through  uncounted  ages,  and  by  acci- 
den  al  and  repeated  hybridization,  may  have  produced 
the  numberless  forms  now  known,  which  remind  us  so 
forcibly  of  the  numerous  forms  of  our  Dog,  which  we 
also  cannot  trace,  but  which  can  scarcely  be  derived 
from  a  single  (supposed)  original  wild  species.  Director 
Kegel  of  St.  Petersburg,  ascribes  them  to  the  intermin- 
gling of  a  few  species,  well  known  in  their  wild  state  at 
this  day;  Prof.-  Braun,  of  Berlin,  suggests  that  they  are 
the  offspring  of  distinct  species  yet  found  wild  in  many 
parts  of  Southern  Europe  and  Asia,  which  thus  he  con- 
siders not  the  accidental  offspring  of  the  cultivated 
plants,  as  is  generally  believed,  but  the  original  parent 
stock.  I  may  add,  from  my  own  investigations,  that 
the  Grape-vine  which  inhabits  the  native  forests  01  the 
low  banks  of  the  Danube,  "  bottom- woods,"  as  we 
would  call  them,  from  Vienna  down  into  Hungary, 
well  represents  our  Vitis  Cordifolia  and  Eiparia,  with 
its  stems  3,  6  and  9  inches  thick,  and  climbing  on  the 
highest  trees,  its  smooth  and  shining,  scarcely  lobed 
leaves  and  its  small,  black  berries.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  wild  grape  of  the  thickets  of  the  hilly  countries  of 
Tuscany  and  Home,  with  its  lower  growth,  downy 
leaves,  and  larger  and  more  palatable  fruit,  which  'don't 
make  a  bad  wine,'  as  an  Italian  botanist  expresses  him- 
self, reminds  us,  notwithstanding  the  smaller  size  of 
the  leaves,  of  our  Vitis  ^utivalis.  It  was  known  to 
the  ancients  as  Labrusca,  a  name  improperly  applied 
by  science  to  the  American  species,  and  is  called  by 
the  natives  to  this  day  Brusca.  The  Grape-vines  of 
the  countries  south  of  the  Caucasus  mountains,  the  an- 
cient Colchis,  the  reputed  original  home  of  these  plants, 
greatly  resemble  the  Italian  plant  just  described. 

The  European  Grape-vine  is  characterized  by  smooth- 
ish,  and,  when  young,  shining,  more  or  less  deeply, 
five  or  even  seven  lobed  leaves;  lobes  pointed  and 
sharply  toothed;  seeds  mostly  notched  at  the  upper 
end;  beak  elongated;  raphe  indistinct;  chalaza  broad, 
high  up  the  seed.  In  some  varieties  the  leaves  and 
branch icts  are  hairy  and  even  downy  when  young;  the 
seeds  vary  considerably  in  thickness  and  length,  ICBS  so 
in  the  shape  of  the  raphe. 


cohering  at  the  top  and  separating  at  the  base, 
so  that  the  corolla  falls  off  without  expanding; 
and  with  edible  fruit,)  in  the  present  territory 
of  the  United  States,  considered  good  species, 
is  limited  to  nine,  which  may  be  enumerated 
thus: 

I.  Grape-vines  with  loose    shreddy   bark, 
climbing  by  the  aid  of  branched  tendrils,  or, 
(in  No.  1,)  without  tendrils,  and  not  climbing 
at  all. 

a  Berries  small,  3 — 6  or  rarely  7  lines  in  diame- 
ter, (in  No.  7  larger,)  seeds  more  or  less  rounded 
on  the  top,  with  the  raphe  often  more  or  less 
prominent  on  the  top  and  -back,  or  inconspicu- 
ous. All  the  species  of  this  group  have  (on 
well  grown  shoots),  intermittent  tendrils. 

1.  VITIS  EUPESTRIS,  Scheele. 

Bush-grape  Or  Sand-grape. 

2.  VITIS  CORDIFOLIA,  Michaux. 

Winter  or  Frost-grape. 

3.  VITIS  RIP  ARIA,  Michaux. 

Riverside  grape. 
4..  VITIS  ARIZONICA,  Engelmann. 
Arizona-grape. 

5.  VITIS  CALIFORNICA,  Bentham. 

California-grape . 

6.  VITIS  ^ESTIVALIS,  Michaux. 

Summer-grape. 

7.  VITIS  CANDICANS,  Engelmann. 

Mustang-grape,  of  Texas. 

b  Berries  large,  7 — 9  or  even  10  lines  in  diam- 
eter ;  raphe  scarcely  visible  on  the  more  or  less 
deeply  notched  top  of  the  se"ed ;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous. 

8.  VITIS  LABRUSCA,  Linnaeus. 

Northern  Fox  Grape. 

II.  Grape-vines  with  (on  the  younger  branches), 
firmly   adhering  bark,   which    only   in    the 
older  stems  scales  off  ;  aerial  roots  from  in- 
clined trunks  in  damp  localities;  tendrils  in- 
termittent,  simple;  berries   very   large,  (7-10 
lines  thick,)  very  Su\v  in  a  bunch,  easily  detach- 
ing    themselves    at     maturity ;    seeds    with 
transverse  wrinkles  or  shallow  grooves  on 
both  sides. 

9.  VITIS  VULPINA,  Linnams. 

Southern  Fox  Grape,  or  Muscadine. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  first  four  species  are 
more  or  less  glabrous,  the  next  four  more  or 
less  woolly  or  cottony;  the  ninth  again  glabrous. 
The  first  six  have  smaller  berries,  the  others 
larger  ones.  The  practically  useful  American 
Grape-vines,  are  principally  Nos.  3,  6,  8  and  9, 
distinguished  in  the  above  list  by  large  capitals. 

The  following  descriptions  of  these  species, 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  importance  to  our 


8 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


grape  culture,  are  taken  from  Dr.  Engelmann's 
publication  (in  C.  V.  Riley's  Sixth  Entomolog- 
ical report),  revised  by  himself  for  our  Manual. 
The  ViticuJtural  Remarks,  with  list  of  varie- 
ties to  each  species,  are  derived  from  other 
sources  (principally  from  Wm.  Saunders'  U.  S. 
Agr.  Report,  1869),  and  from  our  own  observa- 
tions. 


VITIS  ^STIVALIS,  Michaux.  Climbing  over 
bushes  and  small  trees  by  the  aid  of  forked, 
intermittent  tendrils ;  leaves  large  (4 — 5  or  6 
inches  wide),  of  firm  texture,  entire,  or  often 
more  or  less  deeply  and  obtusely  3 — 5  lobed, 
with  rounded  sinus  and  with  short  and  broad 
teeth ;  when  young  always  very  woolly  or  cot- 
tony, mostly  bright  red  or  rusty;  at  last 
smoothish  but  dull,  and  never  shining  like 
Riparia;  berries  usually  larger  than  in  this 
species,  coated  with  a  distinct  bloom,  and,  when 
well  grown,  in  compact  bunches;  seeds  usually 
2  or  3,  rounded  on  top,  with  a  very  prominent 
raphe.  (Fig.  1-3.) 

This  is  the  well-known  Summer  Grape  com- 
mon throughout  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States,  usually  found  on  uplands  and  in  dry, 
open  woods  or  thickets,  maturing  its  fruit  in 
September.  It  is  the  most  variable  of  our  grape- 
vines, and  hence  has  seduced  superficial  ob- 
servers into  the  establishment  of  numerous 
nominal  species.  A  form  with  large  leaves 
which  retain  their  rusty  down  at  full  maturity 
has  often  been  mistaken  for  Labrusca,  which 
does  not  grow  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  An- 
other form,  more  bushy  than  climbing,  with 
deeply  lobed  rusty-downy  leaves  and  sweet 
fruit,  is  Vitis  Lincecumii  of  the  sandy  soils  of 
Louisiana  and  Texas,  often  called  Post  Oak 
Grape.  Vitis  Mbnticola,  the  Mountain  Grape 
of  Texas,  is  a  form  with  small  entire  leaves  (the 
down  of  which  at  last  is  gathered  in  little  tufts) 
and  large  acidulous  berries.  When  this  species 
gets  into  shady  woods  it  assumes  a  peculiar  form, 
approaching  V.  Cordifolia  through  its  smaller 
black  berries,  without  bloom,  with  more  acid 
taste,  and  in  larger  bunches.  Another  form 
with  ashy-white,  downy,  scarcely  lobed  leaves, 
and  fruit  like  the  last  mentioned,  which  grows 
in  our  bottoms,  often  climbing  high  trees,  or 
growing  over  bushes  on  the  banks  of  lakes,  I 
have  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Cinerea.  It 
is  not  always  easy  to  distinguish  such  forms 
from  the  other  species,  and  perhaps  less  so  to 
unite  them  under  the  single  species,  ^Estivalis, 


unless  the  essential  characters  above  enumer- 
ated be  closely  attended  to,  and  the  numberless 
gradual  transitions  from  one  form  to  the  other 
be  watched. 

VITICULTURAL   REMARKS. 

VITIS  -<ESTIVALIS.— This  species  is  pre-eminently 
the  WINE  grape  of  the  Atlantic  States ,  and  of  the  Lower 
Mississippi  Valley.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  none  of  the 
varieties  except  the  Elsinglurgh  and  Eumelan  will  ripen 
north  of  the  parallel  of  40°,  unless  it  may  be  in  some  pe- 
culiarly favored  situation,*  they  have  not  been  exten- 
sively planted,  and  their  superior  qualities  are  but  little 
known.  The*  berries  are  destitute  of  pulp,  and  the 
juice  contains  a  larger  percentage  of  sugar  than  any 
other  improved  American  species.  The  foliage  is  not 
so  liable  to  disease  as  that  of  the  fox  grape,  and  rot  in 
the  berries  is  comparatively  unknown.  Some  of  the 
best  wines  made  in  this  country  are  produced  from  va- 
rieties of  this  family,  although  the  most  promising  kinds 
have  not  been  properly  tested  as  to  their  wine-produc- 
ing qualities.  I  am  convinced  that  neither  the  wine- 
producing  capabilities  of  the  country  nor  the  highest 
excellence  of  the  product  can  be  decided,  until  vine- 
yards of  these  varieties  are  established  in  the  best  loca- 
tions of  favorable  climates. —  Wm.  Saunders. 

The  most  genial  home  of  this  species  is  the  country 
of  the  Ozark  Hills,  Missouri,  S.  Kansas,  Arkansas  and 
Indian  Territory;  probably  also  south-west  Illinois  and 
the  mountain  slopes  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and 
Tennessee.  And  the^e  must  be  looked  upon  as  the 
great  producing  regions  of  this  continent,  (east  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,)  for  a  certain  class  of  fine  wines.  In 
Western  Texas  also,  the  varieties  belonging  to  this  class 
seem  to  'succeed  better  than  any  other  class  of  grapes. ' 
—  G-.  Onderdonk,  Victoria,  Texas.  Handbook  of  Fruits. 

The  following  varieties  of  this  most  valuable 'species 
(omitting  synonyms,  untried  new  and  discarded  varie- 
ties), are  now  cultivated. 

ALVEY.  (Perhaps  a  cross  with  Vinifera;  see  page  35.) 
CUNNINGHAM.  LENOIR. 

CYNTHIANA,  LOUISIANA. 

DEVEREUX.  NORTON'S  VIRGINIA. 

ELSINBURGH.  NEOSHO. 

EUMELAN.  OHIO  (JACQUEZ). 

HERBEMONT.  PAULINE  . 

HERMANN.  RULANDER. 

(Several  new  varieties  of  this  species,  some  chance 
seedling*  selected  in  the  forests  of  Arkansas,  others 
raised  from  seeds  of  cultivated  varieties,  are  now  on 
trial;  among  the  latter  two  seedlings  of  Norton's  Vir- 
ginia and  one  of 'Hermann  bearing  white  fruit.) 

The  quality  of  these  varieties  is  so  excellent,  that  even 
the  French  taste  seems  quite  satisfied.  Only  their  size 
is  unsatisfactory.  "Dans  ce  groupe  se  trouvent  les 
raisins  dont  le  goiU  se  rapproche  le  plus  des  ndtres,  et 


*  Their  proper  climate  is  south  of  the  isotherm  of  70° 
Fahrenheit,  for  June,  July,  August  and  September; 
they  require  a  longer  season  to  attain  maturity.  The 
more  tender  varieties  may  be  properly  placed  between 
the  isothermal  lines  of  70°  and  75°.  [Isothermal  lines  de- 
note localities  of  equal  mean  temperature,  and  have 
been  delineated  upon  maps  Irom  careful  observation, 
indicating  the  various  belts  of  climate,  the  limits  where 
certain  important  plants  thrive,  by  far  more  accurately 
than  by  zones  and  geographical  degrees,  which  have 
long  been  in  vogue,  but  which  really  have  no  place  in 
nature.] 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


qui  donnent  des  vins  colores,  corses,  a  bouquet  souvont 
delicat,  et  en  tout  cas  non-foxo." — J.  E.  Planchon,  Les 
Vignes  americaines . 

Mr,  Herman  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  south-west  Missouri, 
writes  us:  "In  southwest  Missouri,  southern  Illinois, 
Arkansas,  western  Texas,  (also  in  Tennessee  and  Ala- 
bama,) the  Labrusca,  or  Fox  grapes,  bring  two  healthy 
crops  of  fine  grapes,  and  of  the  most  vigorous  varieties, 
with  proper  culture  and  favorable  seasons,  a  few  more, 
— then  they  rot  to  such  an  extent,  that  they  are  entirely 
worthless.  The  ^Estivalis  never  rots  and  is  the  only  truly 
reliable  grape  for  these  States.  It  was  believed  that  no 
large  summer  grapes  were  existing — but  this  is  a  mis- 
take; summer  grapes  (.<Estivalis) ,  nearly  of  the  size  of 
Concord  are  found  growing  wild  in  Arkansas,  and  I  am 
confident  that  superior  table  grapes  will  be  obtained 
from  their  seed.  The  wild  large  yEstivalis  are  not  as 
juicy  nor  as  aromatic  as  the  small;  but  by  crossing  the 
one  with  the  other,  we  may  obtain  large  grapes  for  the 
south-west  as  juicy  as  Herbemont,  and  as  healthy  vig- 
orous and  productive  as  Norton's  Va.,  as  free  from  rot 
and  mildew  as  no  Labrusca  ever  will  be  with  us." 

The  varieties  of  this  group  generally  prefer  a  dry, 
poor  soil,  intermingled  with  lime  and  decomposed 
stones,  with  a  southern  and  south-eastern  exposure, 
they  seem  to  endure  the  severest  drouths  without  flag- 
ging. Although  we  have  seen  some  of  them,  especially 
the  Norton  and  CyntMana,  bear  immense  crops  on  the 
deep,  rich,  sandy  loam  of  our  river  bottom,  their  fruit 
does  not  reach  the  same  perfection  as  on  the  hills.  The 
wood  of  the  true  ^Estivalis  is  very  solid,  hard,  with 
small  pith,  and  firm  outer  bark:  so  that  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  propagate  this  species  from  cuttings.  The 
bark  on  the  one  year  old  wood  is  of  a  dark  gray  color, 
bluish  around  the  eyes.  The  roots  are  wiry  and  tough 
with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  penetrating  deep  into  the 
ground,  perfectly  defying  the- attacks  of  Phylloxera. 
Their  resistive  power  has  been  fully  tested,  and  estab- 
lished beyond  a  doubt  in  several  vineyards  of  the  Her- 
ault,  surrounded  by  infested,  dying  French  vines.  As 
a  stock  for  grafting  they  are  in  every  respect  superior 
to  Clinton— but  we  think  they  are  too  good  and  valua- 
ble to  serve  merely  as  a  grafting  stock. 


VITIS  LABRUSCA,  Linnaeus.  Plant  usu- 
ally not  large,  stems  with  loose,  shreddy  bark, 
climbing  over  bushes  or  small  trees,  though  oc- 
casionally reaching  the  tops  of  the  highest  trees. 
Tendrils  continuous,  branched.  Leaves  (4 — 6 
inches  wide,)  large  and  thick,  entire,  or  some- 
times deeply  lobed,  very  slightly  dentate,  coated 
when  young  with  a  thick,  rusty  or  sometimes 
whitish  wool  or  down,  which  in  the  wild  plants 
remains  on  the  lower  side,  but  almost  disappears 
in  the  mature  leaf  of  some  cultivated  varieties; 
berries  large,  in  middle-sized,  or,  in  some  culti- 
vated varieties,  rather  large  bunches,  bearing 
two  or  three  or  sometimes  four  seed^s.  (Figs.  11 
and  12.) 

This  plant,  usually  known  as  the  Fox  grape, 
or  Northern  Fox  grape,  is  a  native  of  the  east- 


ern slope  of  the  continent  from  New  England 
to  South  Carolina ,  where  it  prefers  wet  thickets; 
it  extends  into  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and 
here  and  there  even  down  their  western  decliv- 
ity, but  is  a  stranger  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
By  far  the  largest  number  of  varieties  of  grape- 
vines now  cultivated  in  our  country,  are  the  off- 
spring of  this  species ;  a  few  produced  by  nur- 
serymen, but  most  of  them  picked  up  in  the 
woods;  they  are  easily  recognized  by  the  char- 
acters above  given,  and  most  readily  by  the  pe- 
culiar arrangements  of  the  tendrils  as  above  de- 
scribed. Large  and  downy-leaved  varieties  of 
V.  ^Estivalis  are,  in  the  West  and  South-west, 
not  rarely  mistaken  for  Labrusca,  but  the  two 
may  always  be  distinguished  by  the  characters 
indicated. 

VITICULTURAL    REMARKS. 

"For  table  use,  this  species,  in  its  improved  varieties, 
will  probably  always  occupy  a  prominent  position  in  a 
large  portion  of  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States  as  wel1 
as  in  the  Northern  sections  of  the  Western  States;  and 
in  those  regions  where  the  climate  will  not  favor  the 
maturity  of  the  best  varieties  of  this  class,  the  inferior 
kinds  will  occupy  their  place. 

As  a  wine  grape  the  V.  Labrusca,  has  been  over-esti- 
mated; the  tough,  musky  pulp  of  even  the  best  varie- 
ties requires  a  long  and  favorable  season  of  growth  to 
reduce  the  acid  center  so  as  to  produce  a  proper  ratio  of 
the  ingredients  necessary  for  a  passable  quality  of  wine." 

Fully  endorsing  the  above  quoted  views  of  William 
Saunders,  Superintendent  of  the  Experimental  Gardens 
at  Washington,  we  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  ad- 
vocating the  discontinuance  of  planting  and  using  La- 
brusca grapes  for  wine-making;  we  are  well  aware  that 
the  Catawba  and,  Concord  furnish  the  bulk  of  our  most 
popular  wines.  But  for  wines  of  finest  quality  we  re- 
commend the  ^Estivalis,  where  its  varieties  succeed,  as 
far  superior  to  the  Labrusca.  Moreover,  we  recognize 
in  this  species  a  Northern  and  a  Southern  form  (same 
as  in  the  Kiparia  and  JEstivalis),  with  distinct  charac- 
teristics. 

The  Northern  Labrusca— a  plant  of  great  vigor,  hardi- 
ness and  productiveness;  abundant,  heavy,  branching 
and  fibrous  roots,  thick  pith  and  firm  liber;  with  a 
fruit  of  superior  size,  but  also  of  a  disagreeable  rough- 
ness and  foxiness  in  taste  or  flavor.  The  Southern  La- 
brusca— a  far  more  tender  plant,  very  sensitive  to  casu- 
alties from  unfavorable  atmospheric  changes  of  climate, 
with  few  and  feeble  roots,  of  only  moderately  firm  tex? 
ture;  but  also  with  a  much  more  delicate  fruit  of  an 
agreeable  musky  flavor.  The  first  will  not  do  well  at 
the  South,  the  second  will  be  found  subject  to  fungoid 
and  other  diseases,  and  will  not  well  ripen  at  the  North. 
Both  are  subject  to  rot,  and. do  not  continue  to  succeed 
well  in  the  South-west,  where  both  types  of  the  Labr. 
seem  not  to  feel  at  home.* 


*G.  Onderdonk  writes  us:  "After  all,  our  grapes  in 
Texas  must  come  from  the  ^stivalis  family.  No  La- 
brusca has  given  us  good,  permanent  satisfaction  here." 

This  same  view  is  obtaining  ground  in  Arkansas  and 
south-west  Missouri,  after  full  trial  and  dearly  bought 
experience. 


10 


BUSHBBRG  CATALOGUE. 


The  principal  varieties 
fied,  are: 
[a]    Northern  Group. 

BLACK  HAWK. 

CONCORD. 

COTTAGE. 

DRACUT  AMBER. 

HARTFORD  PROLIFIC. 

IVES. 

LADY. 

MARTHA. 

NORTHERN  MUSCADINE. 

PERKINS. 

RENTZ. 

TELEGRAPH. 

VBNANGO. 


of  this  species,  thus  classi- 

[6]    Southern  Group. 
ADIRONDAC. 
CASSADY. 
CATAWBA. 
DIANA. 
IONA. 
ISABELLA. 
ISRAELLA. 
LYDIA. 
MAXATAWNY. 
MOTTLED. 
KEBECCA. 
TO-KALON. 
UNION  VILLAGE. 


This  subdivision  of  Labrusca  into  a  northern  and 
southern  form  is  a  new  idea  of  our  own,  and  may  be  a 
mistake.  It  is  here  presented  for  the  first  time,  not  as 
an  established  fact,  already  accepted  or  endorsed  by  any 
botanical  authority,  but  as  a  hypothesis  worthy  of 
consideration  and  further  research.  In  some  few  va- 
rieties (Creveling,  North  Carolina,  &c.)  we  find  it  as 
yet  difficult  to  determine  to  which  group  they  should 
be  assigned;  but  this  difficulty  exists  also,  in  some, 
with  regard  to  the  species. 

The  varieties  enumerated  under  A,  which  we  consider 
the  Northern  group  of  Labrusca,  may  be  relied  upon 
as  sufficiently  resistive  to  Phylloxera;  they  seem  to  us 
the  most  preferable  grafting  stock;  those  under  B, 
the  Southern  group  of  Labrusca,  though  exhibiting  a 
larger  degree  of  resistance  in  this  country  than  Vinifera, 
suffer  from  the  insect.  (Planchon  and  Riley  have  ob- 
served that  the  roots  of  Labrusca  have  a  sweetish  taste, 
without  having  the  astringent  or  acid  character  belong- 
ing to  the  roots  of  other  species,  especially  of  Rotundi- 
folia.) 

VITIS  CORDIFOLIA,  Michaux.  Tall  (or  more 
rarely  low),  climbing  high  by  the  aid  of  intermit- 
ting branched  tendrils,  trunks  often  6 — 9  inches 
in  diameter,  with  loose  shreddy  bark.  Leaves 
middle-sized  or  small  (2£ — 3  or  4  inches  in  diam- 
eter), round-heart-shaped,  mostly  entire  or 
very  slightly  tri-lobed  on  the  edges,  with  broad 
shallow  teeth,  usually  smooth  and  shining, 
more  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  side ;  the 
young  ones  sometimes,  and  very  rarely  the  old 
ones,  with  short  hair  on  the  ribs  below;  pani- 
cles compound,  large  and  loose;  berries  among 
the  smallest,  in  large,  mostly  loose  bunches, 
black,  without  a  bloom  and  without  tough  pulp; 
maturing  late  in  the  fall,  usually  with  a  single 
short  and  thick  seed,  marked  by  a  more  or  less 
prominent  raphe. 

This  grows  more  especially  in  fertile  soil,  and 
is  a  common  plant  in  river  and  creek  bottoms. 
It  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  Winter  Grape, 
Frost  Grape,  or  Chicken  Grape,  and  it  is, 
together  with  the  next,  the  earliest  flowering 
species;  the  flowers,  principally  the  sterile, 


(male,)  are  especially  fragrant.  It  is  found 
from  New  England  to  Texas,  and  westward  to 
the  western  limits  of  the  wooded  part  of  the 
Mississippi  valley.  In  this  valley,  at  least,  the 
fruit  has  a  strong  and  even  fetidly  aromatic 
taste,  which  unfits  it  for  making  into  preserves 
or  for  pressing  wine.  No  cultivated  varieties  of 
this  species  are  known. 

VITIS  RIP  ARIA,  Michaux.  Similar  to  the  last, 
but  usually  a  smaller  plant,  with  larger  (3-5 
inches  in  friameter)  and  more  or  less  incisely 
3  lobed,  glabrous,  shining  (or  rarely  when 
young,  slightly  hairy)  leaves,  the  lobes  long 
and  pointed,  the  teeth  also  more  pointed  than 
in  Cordifolia;  panicles  rather  small  and  com- 
pact; berries  usually  larger  than  in  the  last, 
mostly  with  a  blooin,iu  smaller  and  often  more 
compact  bunches,  without  pulp,  commonly  1  or 
2-seeded;  seeds  obtuse,  or  sometimes  very 
slightly  depressed,  with  the  raphe  often  almost 
obliterated. 

This  species  prefers  thickets  or  rocky  soil  on 
river  banks,  and  extends  as  far  south  as  the 
last,  and  much  farther  north  and  west,  being 
the  only  grape  vine  in  Lower  Canada,  where,  it 
is  found  even  60  miles  north  of  Quebec,  and  the 
only  one  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  northern  form,  in  Canada, 
northern  New  York  to  Michigan  and  Nebraska, 
has  fewer  and  larger  berries  in  a  bunch,  and  is 
easily  distinguished  from  V.  Cordifolia.  The 
south-western  form,  however,  a  taller  plant, 
with  smaller  -black  berries,  approaches  more 
closely  to  this  last  species,  and  often  seems  to 
run  so  close  to  it  that  in  some  editions  of  his 
manual,  Prof.  Gray  has  united  both  under  the 
name  of  V*  Cordifolia,  Michx.  The  fruit  ripens 
earlier  than  that  of  Cordifolia,  and  is  much 
pleasanter.  (In  St.  Louis  a  variety  found  on 
the  rocky  river-banks  is  brought  to  market  in 
July.) 

VITICULTURAL    REMARKS. 

Both  Cordifolia  and  Riparia  are  often  considered 
types  of  one  species,  (Gray,  Durand,  Planchon,)  and 
grape  growers  usually  designate  the  cultivated  varie- 
ties of  this  species  as  "  Cordifolia;"  Dr.  Engelmann 
himself  stated  "  that  both  species  are  so  closely  allied 
that  it  is  a  matter  of  individual  judgment  whether  to 
keep  them  separate  or  to  unite  them;"  we  prefer 
therefore  to  adhere  to  that  designation.  The  CLINTON, 
its  most  prominent  variety,  has  certainly  in  the  foliage, 
more  of  the  true  Cordifolia  than  of  the  Riparia,  but  the 
fruit,  though  maturing  late  in  the  fall,  assimilates  it 
more  to  the  latter. 

This  section  represents  the  most  healthy  grapes  of  the 
Northern  States,  yet  they  are  equally  healthy  and  even 
more  productive  at  the  South.  A  distinct  form  of  this 


GBAPE  MANUAL. 


11 


species  is  found  growing  along  the  Alleghany  range, 
from  southern  New  York  to  Alabama,  to  which  the 
TAYLOR  and  Oporto  belong.  These  varieties  exhibit 
more  or  less  deformed  stamens;  but  some  individuals  of 
this  group  possess  excellent  qualities,  which,  when 
properly  developed;  and  their  defects  remedied,  will 
make  the  best  wine  grapes  in  the  country. — Fuller. 

In  the  ELVIRA,  this  prediction  seems  fulfilled. 

The  foliage  is  rarely  attacked  by  mildew,  but  the 
leaves,  possibly  owing  to  their  smoothness,  are  occa- 
sionally injured  by  insect  punctures.  The  Phylloxera 
prefers  the  foliage  of  this  class  of  vines  to  all  others — so 
that,  in  some  seasons,  it  is  covered  with  leaf-galls  made 
by  this  formidable  insect.  The  fruit  is  not  subject  to 
rot,  and  is  noted  lor  keeping  well  after  being  gathered 
from  the  plant.  That  of  the  northern  form  is  late  in 
maturing,  and  seems  to  reach  its  highest  condition  by 
remaining  on  the  vine  until  the  thermometer  indicates 
proximity  to  the  freezing  point,  when,  even  in  north- 
ern localities,  it  proves  to  be  a  fruit  of  fair  quality  either 
for  table  or  wine.  Of  course  its  quality  is  greatly  im- 
proved by  the  length  and  geniality  of  the  season  of 
growth;  for  example,  those  who  are  familiar  with  the 
fruit  only  as  a  production  of  Massachusetts  would  not 
recognize  its  flavor  and  vinous  character  as  ripened  in 
southern  Maryland  or  Virginia.  The  greatest  objection 
to  it  as  a  wine  grape  is  that  of  having  too  much  acid. 
The  fruit  is  not  so  deficient  in  sugar  as-is  generally  sup- 
posed, having  enough  of  this  important  ingredient  for 
a  good  wine.  Nor  ha?  it  any  foxy  or  musky  taste 
whatever,  the  judgment  of  our  friends  in  France  to  the 
contrary,  notwithstanding.  The  peculiar  flavor  in 
some  varieties  may  displease  them;  tastes  differ— we, 
ourselves  do  not  admire  the  Clinton-gout,  but  it  has 
certainly  no  resemblance  to  what  we  call  "foxiness," 
as  the  characteristic  of  Labrusca.  The  flavor  of  Taylor 
and  its  seedlings  seems  to  us  unexceptionable.  The 
Marion  and  other  varieties  of  this  class  may  also  be  pre- 
ferable to  Clinton  in  this  respect.  Analysis  shows  that 
they  have  a  sufficiency  of  sugar,  and  it  seems  probable 
that  the  wines  only  require  age  to  develop  their  quali- 
ties. 

It  is  known  that  wines  from  the  Clinton  variety, 
when  kept  in  a  suitable  cellar  from  four  to  six  years, 
assume  a  fine  character.  There  is  abundant  evidence 
to  favor  the  belief,  that  if  as  much  time  and  care  had 
been  devoted  to  the  improvement  of  this  species  as  has 
been  given  to  the  Fox  family,  we  should  now  be  in 
possession  of  a  good  northern  red-wine  grape. 

The  mode  of  management  and  culture  has  also  a  de- 
cided influence  upon  the  productiveness  of  this  species. 
The  shoots  grow  with  much  vigor  during  early  sum- 
mer, frequently  forming  canes  fourteen  to  twenty  feet 
in  length  before  the  end  of  the  season,  on  young  plants 
in  good  soil.  On  these  canes  the  best  developed  buds 
are  some  distance  from  the  base,  or  point  of  growth  on 
the  stem;  consequently,  if  cut  closely  back  at  the  fall  or 
winter  pruning,  the  best  buds  for  fruit  bearing  are  re- 
moved, and  a  luxuriant  growth  of  wood,  with  a  mini- 
mum crop  of  fruit,  will  be  the  result.  The  varieties  of 
this  group  should  be  planted  on  rather  poor  soil,  deeply 
and  well  cultivated,  as  they  are  naturally  rampant 
growers  and  when  planted  in  rich  soils  are  almost  un- 
controlable. 

The  wood  of  the  cultivated  varieties  is  soft, [contain- 


ing a  thick  medulla;  they  are  growing  therefore  readily 
from  cuttings.  The-roota  are  wiry  and  tough,  with  a 
a  thin,  hard  liber,  growing  rapidly.  Hence  they  pos- 
sess great  powers  of  resistance  to  the  Phylloxera,  which 
is  usually  found  in  small  numbers  on  their  roots,  even 
while  their  foliage  is  densely  covered  with  its  galls. 
The  roots  have  so  much  vitality  that  new  rootlets  push 
out  from  the  swellings  more  rapidly  than  the  insect  can 
destroy  them. 

The  varieties  of  this  species,  especially  Clinton,  are 
therefore  largely  used  as  stock  for  grafting,  in  the  Phyl- 
loxera afflicted  vineyards  of  France.  We  think  them 
somewhat  objectionable  for  this  purpose,  as  they  seem 
not  to  unite  as  readily  with  the  graft,  and  are  more 
subject  to  sprout  from  imperceptible  buds,  close  to  the 
roots,  than  varieties  of  other  species. 

VITIS  VULPINA,  Linnaeus.  Low,  or  often 
climbing  very  high,  with  small,  (2  or  at 
most  3  inches  wide)  rounded,  heart-shaped, 
firm  and  glossy  dark-green  leaves,  smooth,  or 
rarely  slightly  hairy  on  the  under  side,  with 
coarse  and  large,  or  broad  and  bluntish  teeth. 

The  Southern  species,  known  under  the  name 
of  Southern  Fox-grape,  Bullace  or  Bullet- 
grape,  or  Muscadine,  is  found  along  water- 
courses, and  in  damp  woods  of  the  Southern 
States,  not  further  north  than  Maryland,  Ken- 
tucky and  Arkansas,  though  it  may  possibly 
straggle  into  south-east  Missouri.  Some  of  its 
cultivated  varieties,  especially  the  white  Scup- 
pernong,  are  highly  esteemed  in  the  South. 

VITICULTURAL  REMARKS. 

Southern  grape  growers  generally  designate  this  spe- 
cies as  Vitis  Rotundifolia ,  Michaux.  It  is  strictly 
confined  to  the  Southern  States,  and  in  foliage  and 
wood  is  very  unlike  any  other  grape,  either  native  or 
foreign,  distinguishing  itself  by  its  small,  roundish, 
shining  leaves,  never  lobed,  and  green  on  both  sides; 
by  its  bright  smooth  bark,  never  scaly  or  shaggy;  by 
its  fruit  which  forms  no  bunches,  but  grows  in  large, 
thick  skinned  and  pulpy  berries,  only  about  2-4-6  in 
'number  on  a  stem;  by  its  tendrils  which  are  never 
forked,  like  those  of  other  grape  vines.  The  varieties 
of  this  type  cannot  be  grown  from  cuttings.  Pruning 
does  not  benefit  them;  on  the  contrary,  they  must  be 
left  growing,  free,  without  any  trimming,  except  cut- 
ting off  smoothly  the  shoots  and  suckers  from  the 
ground  to  the  lath-work  or  scaffold,  which  you  may 
erect  to  support  them,  Without  care  or  labor,  save 
some  good  cultivation  of  the  soil,  they  produce  annually 
large  and  sure  crops,  being  entirely  free  from  rot  and 
mildew  and,  it  seems  also,  from  the  attacks  of  insects. 
The  Vitis  Retundifolia  enjoys  so  far,  perfect  imniunity 
from  Phylloxera,  (some  galls  have  been  found  on  their 
leaves,  but  no  trace  of  the  insect  on  tneir  roots,  which 
are  of  an  astringent,  acrid  taste.)  This  immunity 
caused  them  to  be  exported  into  France,  but  their 
fruit  is  so  deficient  in  grape  sugar,  (although  it  tastes 
sweet,  containing  scarce  any  acid,)  and  it  is  so  rich  in 
musky  flavor,  that  it  cannot  satisfy  the  refined  French 
taste;  and  as  a  grafting  stock,  the  hardness  of  the  wood 


12 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


and  different  construction  of  the  bark  makes  the  Rotun- 
difolia  unfit  for  this  purpose.  P.  J.  Berckmans  of 
Augusta,  Georgia,  who  makes  the  propagation  of  this 
species  a  specialty,  enumerates  seven  varieties.  SCUP- 
PEKNONG,  FLOWERS,  THOMAS,  MISH,  TENDER 
PULP,  PEDEE  and  RICHMOND,  (there  exists  also  an 
Isabella-seedling  under  the  name  of  Richmond.) 

VITIS  CANDICANS,  Engelmann.  (Y.  Mus- 
tangensis,  Buckley.)  The  Mustang  grape  of 
Texas;  a  tall  climber,  with  rather  large,  round- 
ed, almost  toothless  leaves,  white,  cottony  on 
the  under  side,  bearing  large  berries,  which, 
like  those  of  the  wild  Labrusca,  show  different 
colors,  greenish,  claret  aiid  bluish-black;  and 
which,  in  its  native  country,  are  made  into 
wine.  In  young  shoots  and  sprouts  the  leaves 
are  usually  deeply  and  elegantly  many-lobed. 

VITICULTURAL   REMARKS. 

This  species  grows  wild  in  great  abundance  along  the 
creeks  and  rivers  of  Texas,  chiefly  western  and  middle 
Texas.  It  resembles  the  Labrusca  by  its  downy  leaves 
and  its  bark ;  it  can  also  be  grown  from  cuttings.  We 
know  as  yet  of  but  three  varieties  of  the  Mustang  found 
in  the  woods;  a  black ,  a  red  and  a  white  Mustang. 

.  VITIS  RUPESTRIS,  Scheele.  A  small,  bushy 
plant,  often  without  any  tendrils,  ra*rely  some- 
what climbing;  leaves  small  (2-3  inches  wide), 
and  often  folded,  mostly  broader  than  long, 
heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  base,  scarcely  ever 
slightly  lobed,  with  broad,  coarse  teeth  and 
usually  an  abruptly  elongated  point,  glabrous, 
and  of  a  glaucous  or  light  green  color ;  berries 
middle  sized,  in  very  small  bunches;  seeds 
mostly  3-4,  round,  with  an  extremely  short 
beak,  obtuse,  with  a  small  chalaza;  raphe  very 
slender  or  invisible. 

This  very  peculiar  grape-vine  is  found  only 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  Missouri  river 
to  Texas  and  westward  probably  to  New  Mex- 
ico. In  our  State,  where  it  is  called  Sand  grape, 
and  in  Arkansas,  it  grows  on  the  gravelly  banks 
and  overflowed  bars  of  mountain  streams;  in 
Texas  also  on  rocky  plains,  whence  the  Latin 
name;  it  is  there  sometimes  called  Sugar  grape. 
Its  luscious  fruit  ripens  with  us  in  August. 

It  is  nowhere  yet  in  cultivation,  but  may  in 
future  prove  of  value. 

VITIS  CALIFORNICA,  Bentham.  The  only  wild 
grape  of  California,  has  rounded,  downy  leaves 
and  small  berries,  and  is  not  made  use  of  as  far 
as  known.  The  seeds  are  obtuse,  with  a  short 
beak,  elongated  chalaza,  and  very  slender  raphe. 

VITIS  ARIZONICA,  Engelm.  Similar  to  the 
last,  but  tomentose  only  when  young,  later 
glabrous,  with  middle-sized  berries,  reported 
to  be  of  a  luscious  taste. 


HYBRIDS. 

Besides  the  varieties  referred  either  to  the  one  or  the 
other  of  these  species,  we  cultivate  now  many  grapes 
which  originated  by  cross  -breeding;  either  through  the 
agencies  of  wind  or  insects,  or  through  the  efforts  and 
skill  of  man. 

The  former,  or  natural  hybridization,  is  no  doubt  of 
frequent  occurrence,  but  as  neither  the  act  can  well  be 
observed,  traced  or  recognized,  nor  the  character  of  the 
young  seedlings  thus  produced  be  ascertained,  these 
are  generally  passed  unnoticed  in  the  vineyard,  or  de- 
stroyed. Without  discussing  the  subject  any  further, 
we  state  it  as  our  opinion  and  belief,  that  some  of  the 
chance  seedlings  we  cultivate  are  the  product  of  such 
natural  cross-fertilization;  tlms  we  believe  we  recog- 
nize in 

the  ALVEY,  a  Hybrid  between  ^st.  and  Vinifera* 
the  CREVELING,     "  "        Lair,  and  Riparia, 

thP  r>wT  AWATJW      tt  a      f  Labr.  and  Vinifera,  or 

•ELAWARE, 


the  ELVIRA,  "  "        Riparia  and  Labr. 

and  so  in  a  few  others  (as  will  be  mentioned  in  their 
description),  possessing  certain  distinct  characteristics 
of  two  distinct  species. 

The  second  class,  Hybrids  produced  by  artificial 
cross  fertilization,  though  of  but  recent  date,  are  now 
very  numerous  .  When  the  supposition  that  seedlings 
from  the  foreign  species,  raised  in  our  own  soil  and  cli- 
mate would  be  more  hardy,  proved  fallacious,  efforts 
were  made  to  secure  Hybrids  between  the  native  grapes 
and  Vitis  Vinifera;  hoping  thite^  to  combine  the  supe- 
rior excellence  of  the  foreign  with  the  health  and  vigor 
of  our  native  plants. 

"It  is  desirable  that  in  artificial  cross-breeding  not  on- 
ly the  species,  but  the  varieties  used  should  be  carefully 
noted,  and  also  that  the  parents,  the  maternal(ihe  variety 
which  has  been  artificially  fertilized)  ,  and  the  paternal 
ancestor  (the  plant  from  which  the  pollen  was  employ- 
ed), should  always  be  named."—  Dr.  Engelmann. 

The  Hybrids  thus  produced  are: 

1.  Hybrids  between  Labr.  and  Vinifera:— 
ADELAIDE.  GARTNER. 
AGAWAM.                             GOETHE. 
ALLEN'S  HYBRID.              HERBERT. 
AMINIA  (R.39).                    IMPERIAL. 
BARRY.                                 IRWING. 

BL.  DEFIANCE.  LTNDLEY. 

BLACK  EAGLE.  MASSASOIT. 

CHALLENGE.  MERHIMAC. 

CLOVER  STR.  BLACK  REQUA. 

CLOVER  STR.  RED.  ROGERS'  HYBRIDS.* 

CONCORD  CHASSELAS.        SALEM. 

CONCORD  MUSCAT.  SENASQUA. 

CONQUEROR  TRIUMPH. 

DIANA  HAMBURG.  WILDER. 

ESSEX.  And  many  more,  less  known. 

2.  Hybrids  between  Cordifolia  and  Vinifera:  — 
ADVANCE.  NEWARK. 
AUTUCHON.  OTHELLO. 
BRANDT.  QUASSAIC. 
CANADA  .                             SECRETARY. 
CORNUCOPIA. 


*  Not  named. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


3.    Hybrids  between  Delaware  and  Vinifera:— 
CROTON,  ITHAKA,  WYLIE'S  DELAWARE  HYBRIDS. 

By  crossing  the  Delaware  with  Diana  were  produced 
the  ONONDAGA  and  WALTER,  perhaps  also  RARITAN; 
by  a  cross  of  Delaware  and  Cordifolia  Mr.  Rickett  pro- 
duced the  PUTNAM,  and  finally,  some  crosses  between 
Hybrids  were  produced. 

So  far  most  Hybrids  produced  were  between  Lair. 
and  Vinifera;  as  the  former  have  a  tendency  to  leaf  mil- 
dew, to  fruit  rot,  and  roots  subject  to  the  attacks  of 
Phylloxera;  the  production  of  a  healthy,  resisting  form, 
in  a  Hybrid  between  these  and  the  here  still  more  un- 
healthy Vinifera,  is  highly  improbable,  especially  when 
some  tender,  glass- hou?e  grown  variety  is  used  for 
that  purpose.  Only  by  the  selection  of  the  most  healthy 
and  hardy  varieties  of  a  native  and  foreign  species,  or, 
perhaps  still  better,  by  an  jntermixture  of  the  best  and 
most  vigorous  native  species,  may  really  valuable  re- 
sults be  obtained. 

Most  ot  the  Hybrids  which  we  now  cultivate  are  of 
too  recent  introduction  to  be  thoroughly  tested;  yet  it 
is  already  apparent  that  their  adaptability  to  successful 
culture  is  in  proportion  to  their  affinity  to  the  native 
parent,  €  specially  in  roots  and  foliage.  And  the  re- 
quirements of  Hybrid  grapes,  as  to  climate,  s<  il  and 
aspect,  will  be  found  quite  similar  to  the  requirements 
oi  one  or  the  other  of  their  progenitors. 

LOCATION. 

The  only  general  rules  we  can  give,  to  guide 
us  in  the  selection  of  a  proper,  desirable  loca- 
tion for  vineyards,  are : 

1.  A  good  wine-growing  region  is  one  where 
the  season  of  growth  is  of  sufficient  length  to 
ripen  to  perfection  our  best  wine  grapes,  ex- 
empt from  late   spring  frosts,   heavy  summer 
dews,  and  early  frosts  in  autumn.    Do  not  at- 
tempt, therefore,  to  cultivate  the  grape  in  low, 
damp  valleys,   along    creeks;    low  situations, 
where  water  can  settle  and  stagnate  about  the 
roots  will  not  answer;    wherever  we  find  the 
ague  an  habitual  guest  with  the  inhabitants,  we 
need  not  look  for  healthy  grape-vines;  but  on 
the  hillsides,  gentle  slopes,  along  large  rivers 
and  lakes,  on  the  bluffs  overhanging  the  banks 
of  our  large   streams,   where   the  fogs   arising 
from  the  water  give  sufficient  humidity  to  the 
atmosphere,  even  in  the  hottest  summer  days, 
to  refresh  the  leaf  during  the  night  and  morning 
hours,  there  is  the  location  of  the  grape. 

2.  A  good  soil  for  the  vineyard  should  be  a 
dry,    calcareous   loam,    sufficiently  deep    (say 
three  feet)   loose   and  friable,   draining  itself 
readily.     New  soils,  both  granitic  and  lime- 
stone, made  up  by  nature  of  decomposed  stone 
and  leaf  mould,  are  to  be  preferred  to  those  that 
have  long  been  in  cultivation.    If  you  have  such 
a  location   and  soil,  seek  no   further,   ask   no 
chemist  to  analyze  its    ingredients,  but  go  at 
once  to 


PREPARING  THE   SOIL. 

The  old  system  of  trenching  is  no  more  prac- 
ticed, except  upon  very  hard,  stony  soil,  and 
upon  steep  hillsides,  being  too  costly  and  of 
very  little,  if  any,  advantage.  The  plow  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  spade,  and  has  much  les- 
sened the  expense.  While  we  would  urge  a 
thorough  work  in  the  preparation  of  the  soil 
before  planting  the  vine,  and  warn  against 
planting  in  ditches,  or  worse  yet  in  square 
holes,  we  believe  that  by  careful  grubbing  (in 
timber  lands)  leaving  no  stumps,  which  would 
only  be  a  continual  eyesore  and  hindrance  to 
proper  cultivation,  and  then  using  a  large 
breaking  plow,  followed  by  the  subsoil  plow, 
the  soil  will  be  stirred  as  deep  (say  twenty  in- 
ches) as  is  really  necessary  to  insure  a  good  and 
healthy  growth  of  vines.  This  will  require  two 
to  three  yoke  of  oxen  to  each  plow,  according 
to  the  condition  of  the  soil.  For  old  ground  a 
common  two-horse  plow,  with  a  span  of  strong 
horses  or  cattle,  followed  in  the  same  furrow  by 
a  subsoil  stirrer,  will  be  sufficient  to  stir  the 
soil  deeply  and  thoroughly,  and  will  leave  it  as 
mellow,  and  in  its  natural  position  as  desirable. 
This  may  be  done  during  any  time  of  the  year 
when  the  ground  is  open  and  not  too  wet.  Most 
soils  would  be  benefited  by  underdraining;  the 
manner  of  doing  it  is  the  same  as  for  other  farm 
crops,  except  that  for  vines  the  drains  should  be 
placed  deeper;  it  is  less  important  on  our  hill 
sides,  and  too  costly  to  be.  practiced  to  a  great 
extent  here ;  wet  spots,  however,  must  be 
drained  at  least  by  gutters,  and  to  prevent  the 
ground  from  washing,  small  ditches  should  be 
made,  leading  into  a  main  ditch.  Steep  hill 
sides,  if  used  at  all,  should  be  terraced. 

PLANTING. 

The  soil  being  thus  thoroughly  prepared  and  in 
good  friable  condition,  you  are  ready  for  plant- 
ing. The  proper  season  for  doing  this  is  in  the 
fall,  after  the  1st  of  November,  or  in  the  spring, 
before  the  1st  of  May.  Most  vineyards  are 
planted  in  spring,  and  in  northern,  very  cold 
localities,  this  may  be  preferable.  We  prefer 
fall  planting;  the  ground  will  generally  be  in 
better  condition,  as  we  have  better  weather  in 
the  fall,  and  more  time  to  spare.  The  ground 
can  settle  among  the  roots  in  winter;  the  roots 
will  have  healed  and  calloused  over,  new  root- 
lets will  issue  early  in  spring  before  the  condi- 
tion of  the  ground  would  have  permitted  plant- 
ing, and  the  young  plants  commencing  to  grow 
as  soon  as  the  frost  is  out  of  the  ground,  will 
start  with  full  vigor  in  spring.  To  prevent  the 


14 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


roots  from  being  thrown  to  the  surface  by  al- 
ternate freezing  and  thawing,  a  mound  of  earth 
hoed  up  around  the  plants,  or  a  ridge  thrown 
up  with  a  plow,  so  as  to  elevate  the  ground 
somewhat  in  the  rows,  will  be  found  to  afford 
all  the  protection  necessary.    By  no  means  de- 
lay planting  till  late  in  spring  (after  May  first 
here),  and  if  your  ground  is  not  ready  in  time, 
you  had  much  better  cultivate  it  with  corn  or 
hoed  crops  of  some  kind,  and  postpone  planting 
until  next  fall.   Planting  in  rows,  six  feet  apart, 
is  now  the  usual  method ;  it  gives  sufficient  space 
for  a  horse  and  man  to  pass  through  with  plow 
or  cultivator;  the  distance  in  the  rows  varies 
somewhat  with  the  growth  of  the 
different  varieties  and  the  rich- 
ness of  the  soil .    Most  of  our  vig- 
orous, strong  growers,  the  Con- 
cord,   Ives.    Hartford,    Clinton, 
Taylor,  Norton,  Herbemont,  will 
need  eight  to  ten  feet  in  the  rows ;  .... 

Scuppernongs  are  planted  20  to 
30  feet  apart;  while  the  Dela- 
ware, Catawba,  Creveling,  lona,  '•?¥ 
may  have  sufficient  room  when  d^^W^^^HHI 
planted    six    feet    apart.       The 
dwarfing  treatment  practiced  with   European 
varieties,  especially  by  German  vintners,  will 
not  do  for  American   vines,  which  must  have 
ample  room  to   spread  and  a  free  circulation 
of  air.    The  number  of  vines  required  to  set 
an  acre   (containing  43,560  square  feet),  will 
be: 


DISTANCE,  FEET. 


5  ft. 

6  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 


5  ft.  by 

5  ft.  by 

6  ft.  by 
6  ft.  by 
6  ft.  by 

6  ft.  by   9  ft. 

6  ft.  by  10  ft. 

7  ft.  by   7  ft. 
7  ft.  by   8  ft. 
7  ft.  by   9  ft. 

by  10  ft. 
by   8ft. 
by   9  ft. 
by  10  ft. 
9  ft.  by   9  ft. 
9  ft.  by  10  ft. 
10  ft.  by  10  ft. 
1  acre  =  41 
nearly  equal  to 


7  ft. 
8ft. 

8  ft. 
8  ft 


m54by  Im54 1,742 

m  54  by  1^85 1,452 

m  85  by  lm85 1,210 

m  85  by  2m  15 1,037 

m  85  by  2™  46 907 

m  85  by  2m  75 807 

m  85  by  8  m      725 

2m  15  by  2m  15 889 

2m  15  by  2m  46 777 

2  m  15  by  2  m  75  690 

2  m  15  by  3  m      622 

2m  46  by  2m  46 680 

2m  46  by  2m  75    605 

2  m  46  by  3  m      544 

2m  75  by  2m  75 537 

2m  75  by  3m      484 

3m      by  3m      435 

ares  French  measure,  or  one  Hectare 
two  and  a  half  acres. 


Having  determined  the  distance  at  which  you 
desire  to  plant  the  vines,  mark  off  the  rows, 
running  them  parallel,  and  with  the  most  level 
lines  of  your  slope  or  hillside,  so  that  you  may 
easily  plow  between  the  rows  and  that  the 


ground  may  not  wash.  (Oa  an  eastern  slope 
the  rows  will  therefore  run  in  a  direction  from 
north  to  south,  which  most  vine  dressers  pre- 
fer.) Be  careful,  on  sloping  ground,  to  leave 
spaces  for  surface  drains,  the  steeper  the  hill- 
sides the  more  frequent  must  these  surface 
drains  be.  Then  divide  the  rows  into  the  de- 
sired distances,  by  the  aid  of  a  stretched  line, 
and  put  small  stakes  where  each  plant  is  to 
stand.  Now,  if  the  ground  is  sufficiently  dry  so 
as  to  pulverize  well,  make  the  holes  to  receive 
the  vines,  as  shown  in  fig.  19.  The  depth  of 
these  holes  must  necessarily  vary  somewhat  with 
the  nature  of  the  soil.  On  very  steep  hillsides, 


Fig.  19. 

% 

and  especially  on  southern  slopes,  with  natu- 
rally warm,  dry  .soil,  you  must  plant  deeper 
than  on  gentle  slopes  with  deep,  rich  soil,  or  on 
bottom  land  and  rich  prairies.  Eight  inches 
will  be  deep  enough  on  the  latter;  on  the  former 
we  should  plant  from  twelve  to  fourteen  inches 
deep. 

Having  made  the  holes,  and  it  is  best  not  to 
make  too  many  at  a  time,  as  the  ground  will  dry 
out  too  quickly,  you  can  go  to  planting. 

We  do  not  intend  to  discuss  here  the  various 
modes  of  multiplication  or  propagation  of  grape 
vines  from  cuttings,  layers  or  single  eyes  (buds), 
still  less  the  production  of  new  varieties  from 
seed  and  Hybridizing,  as  this  would  far  exceed 
the  scope  of  this  brief  Manual,  nor  do  we  desire 
to  say  whether  you  should  plant  cuttings  or 
rooted  plants,  and  whether  plarts  grown  from 
cuttings,  from  single  eyes  or  layers,  are  prefer- 
able. Propagators  and  nurserymen  are  not 
considered  disinterested,  impartial  judges  on 
this  question.  But  we  may  reasonably  suppose 
that  those  who  read  this  catalogue  are  either 
our  customers  or  desire  to  purchase  rooted  vines 
from  us,  and  want  to  get  the  best  plants.  Vines 
raised  from  layers  were  in  former  years  held  to 
be  superior,  aud  are  still  preferred  by  many, 
but  unprejudiced  and  observing  cultivators 
have  found  that  they  only  look  stronger  and 
finer,  but  are  not  as  good  as  plants  properly 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


15 


grown  from  cuttings  or  single  eyes,  of  mature, 
healthy  wood.  The  disposition  to  multiply  the 
new  varieties  of  grapes  rapidly,  has  led  to  the 
production  of  vast  numbers  of  vines  from  sum- 
mer layers,  or,  still  worse,  from  green  cuttings. 
The  plants  so  produced  usually  prove  only  a 
disappointment  to  the  planter,  and  greatly  in- 
jure the  reputation  of  new  varieties 

Our  German  and  French  vine-dressers  gene- 
rally practiced  growing  vines  from  long  cut- 
tings, but  short  (two  or  three  eye)  cuttings  will 
undoubtedly  make  stronger  and  better  ripened 
roots.  Others  again  have  obtained  the  best  re- 
sults from  single  eye  plants,  and  consequently 
prefer  them.  We  have  tried  all,  and  find  that 
it  makes  very  little  difference  how  the  vine  has 
been  raised,  provided  it  has  strong,  firm,  healthy, 
well-ripened  roots.  (We  never  found  any  grown 
from  green  or  unhealthy  wood  or  from  long 
cuttings  that  had  them.)  As  a  general  rule,  a 
well  grown  vine  is  in  its  best  condition  for  plant- 
ing when  one  year  old.  Fuller  and  some  other 
good  authorities  prefer  two-year  old,  trans- 
planted vines ;  vines  older  than  two  years  should 
not  be  planted,  and  so-called  extra  large  layers 
"  for  immediate  bearing,'*  are  a  humbug. 

There  is,  however,  one  method  of  propagating 
the  grape,  namely,  by  GRAFTS,  which  belongs 
more  properly  to  the  sphere  of  the  cultivator, 
the  vineyardist,  than  the  nurseryman  or  propa- 
gator; and  which,  owing  to  the  ravages  of  the 
Phylloxera,  is  becoming  of  unprecedented  im- 
portance, and  presents  itself  under  almost  en- 
tirely new  aspects. 

GRAFTING. 

The  researches  of  our  scientists,  prominent 
among  them  our  friend. Prof.  Riley,  enable  us 
now  to  form  pretty  accurate  estimates  of  the 
resisting  powers  of  the  roots  of  different  va- 
rieties, and  we  find  that  the  premature  decay 
and  short-lived  existence  of  the  vines  of  most 
of  our  finer  varieties  of  the  Labrusca  class,  (its 
Southern  group)  as  well  as  nearly  all  the  Hy- 
brids having  blood  of  the  vinefera  class,  must 
be  mainly  attributed  to  the  attacks  of  the  in- 
sect. 

How  far  we  possess  a  remedy  to  this,  by 
GRAFTING  such  kinds  on  those  of  acknowledged 
greater  resistance,  is  a  question  which  is  as  yet 
not  fully  determined  and  still  open  to  further 
test  and  experiments,  but  which  deserves  the 
greatest  attention.  Another  object  for  which 
grafting  is  very  desirable  is  the  early  testing  of 
new  varieties.  By  grafting  on  a  vigorous  bear- 
ing vine  we  will  generally  obtain  bearing  wood, 


and  sometimes  even  fruit,  the  first  season.  We 
are  also  enabled  by  grafting  to  turn  old  vigor- 
ous vines  of  perhaps  some  worthless  variety  to 
good  account,  as  with  a  little  trouble  and  care 
and  the  loss  of  only  one  year,  we  can  change 
them  into  some  choice  and  valuable  variety.  But 
before  we  enter  into  details  of  the  "  modus 
operandi "  of  grafting,  we  will  first  speak  of 
the  conditions  generally  considered  essential  to 
the  successful  performance  of  the  operation. 

First.  THE  STOCK.  Though  from  our  own 
experience  we  can  not  side  with  those  who 
claim  that  the  stock  and  scion  should  in  all 
cases  belong  to  the  same  class  to  insure  perfect 
success,  it  is  still  worth  while  to  give  this  point 
a  little  consideration.  The  general  experience 
seems  to  prove  that  the  stocks  of  the  Cordifolia 
class,  of  which  we  may  take  the  Clinton  as  the 
type,  do  not  unite  readily  with  varieties  of  the 
.^Estivalis  or  Labrusca,  though  we  know  of 
numerous  instances  where  they  did  unite  per- 
fectly and  formed  fine  and  healthy  vines.  But 
aside  from  this  there  is  a  great  objection  to  the 
Clinton  class  on  account  of  its  tendency  to  throw 
up  suckers  from  the  old  stock,  even  for  years 
after  the  graft  has  become  established,  which 
requires  constant  care  and  watchfulness  that 
these  suckers,  which  generally  grow  with  re- 
markable vigor,  do  not  usurp  the  place  we  have 
assigned  to  the  grafted  scion.  This  objection 
falls  away  almost  entirely  with  the  other  classes 
after  the  first  season,  and  once  the  graft  is  grow- 
ing vigorously. 

A  point  which  is  of  far  more  importance  is 
Ihe  perfect  health  and  vigor  of  the  stock.  We 
should  never  select  a  sickly  or  diseased  vine, 
nor  one  subject  to  the  attacks  of  the  Phylloxera 
as  a  stock  to  graft  upon.  Even  if  the  graft 
should  live  it  will  thrive  but  poorly,  unless  in- 
deed it  belongs  to  some  very  vigorous  variety, 
and  is  grafted  deep  enough  below  the  surface, 
where  it  may  form  its  own  roots,  which  will 
then  support  it  entirely,  and  it  will  soon  dis- 
solve its  union  with  the  unhealthy  stock.  But 
even  then  it  will  require  years  to  overcome  the 
effects  of  the  uncongenial  partnership.  If  the 
object  is  to  guard  a  variety  subject  to  the  Phyl- 
loxera against  the  ravages  of  this  insect,  we 
should  select  for  the  stock  a  vine  of  a  strong  and 
vigorous  variety,  which  possesses  recognized 
powers  of  resistance  to  the  insect.  The  graft 
should  then  be  inserted  as  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground  as  possible,  and  where  practicable 
even  above  it.  Some  have  asserted  that  the 
stock  and  scion  should  be  of  varieties  as  near 
alike  as  possible  in  vigor  of  growth,  but  with 


16 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


this  we  cannot  agree.  We  should  invariably 
prefer  to  graft  a  weak  grower  on  a  strong  one. 

Second.  THE  SCION.  This  should  be  from  a 
healthy  and  short  jointed  cane  from  the  last 
summer's  growth,  and  of  moderate  size,  (a  lit- 
tle stoufer  than  an  ordinary  lead  pencil  is  the 
thickness  which  we  prefer.)  It  should  be  cut 
from  the  vine  before  very  hard  freezing  weather, 
and  kept  in  a  cool  cellar,  either  in  damp  moss, 
sand,  or  sawdust,  or  else  buried  in  the  ground. 
In  case  the  grafting  is  to  be  performed  late  in 
Spring,  the  scion  may  be  kept  dormant  in  an 
ice-house. 

Third.  WHEN  TO  GRAFT.  The  best  time,  as 
far  as  days  and  months  are  concerned,  varies  of 
course  with  the  locality  and  latitude ;  but  as  a 
rule  we  would  lay  down  that  the  vine  cannot  be 
grafted  with  good  success,  either  while  the  sap 
is  running  so  freely  and  liquid  as  to  cause  the 
vine  when  cut  to  bleed,  as  it  is  termed,  nor  yet 
(except  by  the  process  of  inarching,  of  which 
hereafter)  from  the  time  when  the  young  shoots 
in  the  Spring,  or  rather  early  Summer,  begin  to 
turn  hard  and  fibrous,  which  generally  com- 
mences about  the  time  of  the  bloom,  until  after 
the  fall  of  the  leaf.  This  reduces  the  time  for 
successful  grafting  to  two  periods,  the  first  one 
lying  between  the  fall  of  the  leaf  and  the  rising 
of  active  circulation  in  Spring,  and  the  second 
one  commencing  after  this  exceeding  strong 
flow  of  sap  has  abated  and  lasting  until  the  full 
development  of  the  first  young  growth. 

In  the  more  Southern  States  grafting  may  be 
successfully  and  practically  performed  during 
the  first  period.  In  fact,  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie  of 
Chester,  S.  C.,  that  veteran  and  enthusiastic 
grape  grower,  upon  whose  opinion  we  lay  the 
highest  weight,  informs  us  that  the  Fall  or  early 
Winter  is  in  that  latitude  the  proper  time  for 
grafting.  Further  north,  and  even  in  the  lati- 
tude of  St.  Louis,  Fall  grafting  is  not  quite  as 
certain,  for  even  when  protected  by  a  mulch  of 
straw  or  leaves  the  graft  is  in  danger  of  being 
thrown  out  by  the  heaving  of  the  ground  caused 
by  the  frost.  In  this  latitude  however  we  often 
have  fine  days  in  February  and  early  in  March, 
when  the  ground  is  open  and  before  the  active 
flow  of  sap  has  commenced,  which  should  be 
improved  for  the  operation.  Still  further  North 
where  the  ground  opens  late,  and  Spring  comes 
in  all  at  once,  these  days  are  generally  so  few 
that  they  can  seldom  be  made  use  of.  For  these 
latitudes  the  best  opportunity  lies  in  the  second 
period  or  during  the  time  the  sap  has  ceased  its 
active  flow  and  exudes  from  the  wound  in  a 
gummy  state.  Some  have  even  claimed  good 


success  in  mid-summer  with  scions  of  the  same 
season's  growth,  but  we  must  confess  ourselves 
as  extremely  dubious  in  regard  to  the  success 
of  this. 

We  now  come  to  the  operation  itself.  The 
method  most  generally  applied  is  cleft  grafting. 
After  clearing  away  the  soil  around  the  collar 
of  the  stock  to  be  operated  upon,  to  the  depth 
of  3  or  4  inches,  select  a  place  below  the  surface 
with  a  smooth  exterior  around  the  collar,  cut 
the  vine  off  horizontally  just  above  this  place 
with  a  fine  toothed  saw;  then  split  the  stock 
with  a  common  grafting  chisel  or  other  sharp 
instrument,  so  that  the  cleft  will  run  down 
about  li  or  2  inches.  Insert  the  small  end  of 
the  grafting  chisel  or  a  narrow  wedge  in  the 
centre  of  the  cleft  to  keep  it  open,  and  then 
with  a  very  sharp  knife,  cut  your  scion,  which 
may  be  3  to  4  inches  long,  and  with  one  or  two 
eyes,  to  a  long  wedge  shape  at  the  lower  end,  to 
fit  the  cleft,  leaving  the  outer  side  a  trifle 
thicker  than  the  inner  one,  and  insert  it  in  the 
cleft,  so  that  the  inner  bark  of  both  stock  and 
scion  make  a  close  fit  on  each  other  as  much  as 
possible ;  then  withdraw  the  wedge  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  the  scion  will  be  held  firmly  in  its 
place  by  the  pressure  of  the  stock.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  wrap  or  tie  such  grafts,  except 
when  the  stock  is  a  very  light  and  small  one,  in 
which  case  some  bass  string  or  other  material 
should  be  tightly  wound  around  to  bind  stock 
and  graft  together.  If  the  stock  is  a  large  one 
two  scions  may  be  inserted,  one  on  each  side. 
This  mode  of  grafting  answers  "for  stocks  vary- 
ing from  one-half  to  three  inches  in  diameter. 
To  complete  the  operation,  replace  the  soil,  fill- 
ing it  up,  so  that  the  upper  bud  on  the  scion  is 
level  with  the  surface.  A  shade  placed  so  as  to 
protect  it  from  the  noon-day  sun,  or  a  slight 
mulch,  is  very  desirable. 

Another  mode  of  cleft  grafting,  which  though 
a  little  more  tedious,  is  perhaps  also  that  much 
more  certain,  is  to  saw  a  slit  in  the  stock  about 
one  and  a  half  inches  deep  with  a  thick  bladed 
or  wide  set  saw,  instead  of  using  the  chisel. 
The  cleft  thus  made  must  be  spread  open  suffi- 
cient only  to  receive  the  scion,  which  must  be 
cut  to  fit  nicely  in  the  slit  with  its  upper  por- 
tion resting,  with  a  square  shoulder  each  side,  on 
the  stock.  In  this  instance  we  prefer  a  graft 
with  two  buds,  the  lower  one  of  which  should 
be  the  point  where  to  cut  the  shoulders.  In 
other  respects  the  same  rules  apply  to  this  mode 
as  those  given  before.  The  greatest  advantage 
is  that  we  can  always  make  a  clean  straight 
cleft,  even  when  the  stock  is  gnarly  or  twisted. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


(We  may  as  well  remark  here  that  the  Wagner 
grafting  machine,  which  is  highly  recommended 
by  many  who  have  tried  it,  works  upon  the 
same  principle.)  As  the  slit  cut  by  the  saw  is 
always  of  a  uniform  thickness,  the  scions  may 
be  prepared  beforehand  in  the  house  during  a 
rainy  day  or  in  the  evening,  and  kept  in  damp 
moss  until  wanted. 

There  are  besides  various  other  methods  of 
grafting  the  grape  below  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
but  as  the  one  we  have  described  is  that  which 
is  most  generally  adopted,  and  we  have  reason 
to  think,  also,  the  most  successful  one,  we  re- 
frain from  describing  the  others. 

It  frequently  happens  that  the  buds  of  the 
grafts  swell  rapidly  within  a  few  days  after  the 
operation,  and  then  after  having  given  great 
promise  for  a  week  or  two,  they  turn  brown 
and  apparently  die  off.  Do  not  let  this  discour- 
age you  too  quickly,  and  above  all  make  no  rash 
examinations  of  the  cause  of  this  seeming  fail- 
ure, by  pulling  out  the  scion  or  otherwise 
loosening  it.  A  graft  will  often  remain  in  this 
state  for  a  period  of  five  or  six  weeks,  and  then 
start  up  all  at  once  with  a  vigor  that  will  push 
young  wood  to  the  length  of  twenty  or  more 
feet  the  same  season.  Keep  the  young  growth 
well  tied  up  and  carefully  remove  all  suckers 
from  the  parent  stock  as  soon  as  they  appear. 

However,  if  our  object  is  to  graft  a  variety 
subject  to  the  Phylloxera  on  a  stock  whose  roots 
are  healthy  and  possess  the  power  of  resisting 
the  insect,  we  must  place  the  scion  so  that  the 
grafted  variety  can  not  form  its  own  roots, 
which  would  soon  become  the  prey  and  breed- 
ing ground  for  the  insect,  and  by  their  disease 
would  contaminate  the  whole  vine.  We  must 
in  this  case  aim  to  place  the  graft  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil.  The  cleft  and  other  ordinary 
modes  of  grafting  are,  unfortunately,  seldom 
successful,  unless  worked  below  the  surface. 
Having  this  object  in  view  we  take  recourse  to 
grafting  by  approach  or  inarching. 

For  this  method  it  is  desirable  that  two  plants, 
one  each  of  the  variety  which  is  to  form  the 
stock,  and  one  of  the  scion,  are  planted  close 
together,  say  about  one  foot  apart.  In  June  (the 
first  year,  if  the  plants  make  a  sufficiently 
strong  growth,  if  not,  the  second  year,)  or  as 
soon  as  the  young  shoots  become  sufficiently 
hard  and  woody  to  bear  the  knife,  a  shoot  is 
taken  from  both  the  stock  and  the  scion  vine, 
and  at  a  convenient  place,  where  they  may  be 
brought  in  contact,  a  shaving  is  taken  out  from 
each  of  these,  on  the  side  next  to  the  other,  for  a 
length  of  2  to  3  inches.  This  must  be  done  with 


a  smooth  cut  of  a  sharp  knife,  a  little  deeper 
than  the  inner  bark,  so  as  to  obtain  on  each  a 
flat  surface.  They  are  then  fitted  snugly  to- 
gether, so  that  the  inner  bark  joins  as  much  as 
possible,  and  wrapped  securely  with  some  old 
calico  torn  in  strips,  or  soft  bass  strings.  Besides 
this,  it  is  well  to  place  one  tie  a  little  below,  and 
one  above  the  grafted  point,  and  also  to  tie  the 
united  canes  to  a  stake  or  trellis  to  insure 
against  all  chances  of  loosening  by  the  swaying 
of  the  wind.  The  rapid  swelling  of  the  young 
growth  at  this  period  of  the  year  makes  it  desi- 
rable that  the  grafts  be  looked  over  after  a  few 
weeks,  replacing  such  ties  which  may  have 
burst,  and  loosening  others  which  may  bind 
so  as  to  cut  into  the  wood.  A  union  will  gen- 
erally be  made  in  the  course  of  two  or  three 
weeks,  which  will  be  further  consolidated  in  the 
course  of  6  to  8  weeks,  when  the  bandages  may 
be  removed  and  the  grafted  portion  left  exposed 
to  the  sun,  to  thoroughly  harden  and  ripen  it. 
The  shoots  themselves  are  to  be  left  to  grow 
undisturbed  for  the  rest  of  the  season.  In  the 
fall,  if  a  good  union  has  taken  place,  the  cane 
forming  the  scion  is  cut  close  below  its  union 
with  the  stock  cane,  which  in  its  turn  is  cut 
close  above  the  connection.  Supposing  the  stock 
to  have  been  a  Concord  and  the  scion  a  Dela- 
ware, we  now  have  a  vine  of  the  latter  entirely 
on  the  strong,  vigorous  root  of  the  former.  Of 
course  constant  vigilance  must  be  exercised  to 
prevent  suckers  from  starting  fout  of  the  stock. 
It  is  well  to  protect  the  grafted  joint  the  first 
few  winters  by  'a  slight  covering  of  straw  or  soil 
to  prevent  the  frost  from  splitting  it  apart. 

Mr.  Cambre,  a  practical  and  successful  grape 
grower  near  Nauvoo,  Ills.,  and  to  whom  we  owe 
the  main  points  of  these  directions,  has  prac- 
ticed this  system  on  a  large  scale  and  with  the 
most  flattering  results.  He  has  applied  it  ex- 
tensively to  the  Delaware,  using  wild  seedlings 
from  the  woods  as  the  stock,  and  thus  succeeds 
in  raising  fine  and  regular  crops  of  this  ex- 
cellent grape,  even  in  seasons  when  other  vines 
of  this  variety  on  their  own  roots  in  the  neigh- 
boring vineyards  are  a  total  failure.  It  would 
be  highly  interesting  if  others  in  different  sec- 
tions of  the  country  would  also  experiment  with 
this  system. 

Another  mode  of  grafting  above  ground,  prac- 
ticed with  success  by  a  Mr.  Cornelius,  (copied 
from  "The  Gardeners'  Monthly"  by  W.  C. 
Strong  in  his  valuable  work,  "  The  Cultivation 
of  the  Grape  ")  is  not  merely  interesting  in  it- 
self, but  also  illustrative  of  many  other  modi- 
fications in  grafting : 


18 


BUSHBEJRG  CATALOGUE. 


"After  the  first  four  or  five  leaves  are  formed, 
and  the  sap  is  flowing,  you  choose  the  place  on 
the  vine  where  you  intend  to  graft.  At  that 
point  wrap  tightly  a  twine  several  times  around 
the  vine.  This  will,  in  a  measure,  prevent  the 
return  sap. 

Below  the  ligature  make  a 
sloping  cut  down,  as  shown  at  a; 
also,  a  similar  reversed  one  above 
the  ligature,  as  at  6,  about  one 
inch  in  length.  In  selecting  a 
scion  prefer  one  that  has  natu- 
rally a  bend.  Cut  it  so  that  it 
shall  be  wedge-shape  at  both 
ends,  and  a  little  longer  than 
the  distance  between  the  cuts  in 
the  vine  at  a  and  b.  Insert  the 
scion,  taking  care  to  have  the 
barks  in  direct  contact,  securing 
it  with  a  string,  c,  bound  round 
both  scion  aud  vine  sufficiently 
tight  to  force  the  scion-ends  into 
their  places.  If  the  work  is  done 
well,  no  tie  will  be  required  at 
a  and  6,  but  the  joints  should  be  covered  with 
grafting  wax.  In  a  short  time,  the  bud  at  d  will 
commence  its  growth,  after  which  you  can  by 
degrees  remove  all  the  growing  shoots  not  be- 
longing to  the  scion,  and  in  course  of  the  sum- 
mer you  may  cut  off  the  wood  above  6,  and  in 
the  Fall  remove  all  above  a  on  the  stock,  and 
above  c  on  the  scion. 

This,  as  well  as  all  other  methods  of  grafting 
above  ground,  require  "much  careful  watching, 
i         and  a  judicious  use  of  graft- 
/ 1       I  \         ing  wax,  as  its  entering  into 
\\       |  y      the  slit  is  positively  injurious. 
Quite   recently  Mr.   Henry 
Bouschet   of   Montpellier, 
France,  has  proposed  the  fol- 
lowing system  of  grafted  cut- 
tings, "boutture  greffee,"  to 
replant  with  them  their  Phyl- 
loxera   destroyed    vineyards. 
It  consists  in  uniting  a  portion 
of  the  American  grape-cutting, 
(making   resisting  roots,) 
which   is   to   serve   as  stock, 
with  a  portion  of  the  Euro- 
pean grape-cutting  (of  which 
the  fruit  is  desired)  as  graft, 
as  shown  in  annexed  figure, 
and  the  united  cutting,  snugly 
tied  together  with  some  slight 
shreds,  is  then  planted  like  a 


simple  long  cutting,  thus  doing  both  the  plant- 
ing and  grafting  at  the  same  time.  Of  course 
the-  graft  can  be  previously  prepared  in  the 
room,  at  the  fireside.  Mr.  Bouschet  has  shown 
at  the  Exposition  of  the  Yiticultural  Congress 
at  Montpellier,  (Oct.  1874,)  samples  of  such 
grafts,  which  had  made  a  successful  union  and 
growth,  and  gigantic  experiments  are  now  made 
with  this  system  in  France. 

We  propose  to  experiment  more  extensively 
ourselves  in  the  matter  of  grafting  with  the 
view  to  combat  the  inroads  of.  the  Phylloxera, 
and  the  results  of  our  experiments  shall  be  duly 
made  public.  We  are  confident  that  many  of 
our  choicest  table  grapes,  and  perhaps  even 
European  grapes,  could,  if  worked  in  such  a 
way,  be  successfully  grown  in  many  regions 
where  they  are  now  a  total  failure. 

Of  wine  grapes,  on  the  other  hand,  we  have 
now  such  good  and  valuable  varieties,  like  Cyn- 
thiana,  Cunningham,  Elvira,  Herbemont,  Her- 
mann, Louisiana,  Neosho,  etc.,  all  of  which  are 
free  from  the  destructive  effects  of  the  Phyl- 
loxera, not  to  speak  of  a  number  of  new  and 
highly  promising  JEstivalis  seedlings,  which  as 
a  class  are  good  resistants  to  the  insect,  that  to 
be  successful  in  growing  a  gofod  wine  grape,  we, 
here,  need  have  no  recourse  to  the  interesting, 
yet  nevertheless,  laborious  process  of  grafting 
the  grape  vine. 

But  now  let  us  return  to  the  modus  operandi 
of  planting.  Take  your  vines,  from  the  place 
where  they  were  heeled-in,*  wrapped  in  a  wet 
cloth,  or  in  a  pail  with  water,  to  the  holes; 
when  planting,  let  one  person  shorten  the  roots, 
with  a  sharp  knife,  then  spread  them  out  evenly 
to  all  sides,  and  let  another  fill  in  with  well  pul- 
verized earth.  The  earth  should  he  worked  in 
among  the  roots  with  the  finger,  and  lightly 
pressed  to  them  with  the  foot.  Lay  the  vine  in 
slanting,  and  let  its  top  come  out  at  the  stake 
previously  set.  Then,  with  your  knife,  cut 
back  the  top  to  a  bud  iust  above,  or  even  with 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  Do  not  leave  more 
than  two  buds  on  any  one  of  the  young  vines. 

*On  receiving  your  vines  from  the  nursery,  they 
should  be  taken  out  of  the  box,  without  delay,  and 
heeled-in,  which  is  done  as  follows:  In  a  dry  and  well 
protected  situation,  a  trench  is  made  in  the  soil  12  to  15 
inches  deep,  and  wide  enough  to  receive  the  roots  of  the 
plants,  and  of  any  required  length,  the  soil  beingthrown 
out  upon  one  side.  The  plants  are  then  set  thickly  to- 
gether in  the  trench,  with  the  tops  in  a  sloping  direction 
and  against  the  bank  of  soil  thrown  out  of  the  trench ; 
another  trench  is  made  parallel  to  the  first,  and  the  soil 
taken  from  it  is  thrown  into  the  first,  covering  the  roots 
carefully,  filling  in  all  of  the  interstices  between  them. 
Press  down  the  soil,  and  smooth  off  the  surface,  so  that 
water  shall  not  lodge  thereon.  When  one  trench  is  fin- 
ished, set  the  plants  in  the  next,  and  proceed  as  before. 
When  all  this  is  completed,  dig  a  shallow  trench  arouiu 
the  whole,  so  as  to  carry  off  the  water  and  keep  the  sit- 
uation dry. 


GEAPE  MANUAL 


19 


which  you  are  planting,  however  strong  the 
tops,  or  however  stout  and  wiry  the  roots  may 
be.  One  cane  is  sufficient  to  grow,  and  merely 
to  be  prepared  for  possible  accident,  both  buds 
are  allowed  to  start.  The  weaker  of  the  two 
shoots  may  afterwards  be  removed  or  pinched 
back. 

When  planted  in  the  fall,  raise  a  small  mound 
around  your  vine,  so  that  the  water  will  drain 
off,  and  throw  a  handful  of  straw  or  any  other 
mulch  on  the  top  of  the  mound,  to  protect  it ; 
but  do  not  cove*  the  vine  with  manure,  either 
decomposed  or  fresh,  under  any  circumstances. 

It  is  a  well  authenticated  fact  that,  under  the 
action  of  nitrogenous  agents,  the  grape  grows 
more  luxuriant,  its  leaves  are  larger,  its  pro- 
duct increases  in  quantity.  But  the  products 
of  vineyards  so  manured  have  an  acknowledged 
defect — they  impart  to  the  wine  a  flavor  which 
recalls  the  kind  of  manure  applied.  Moreover, 
nitrogenous  substances  exclusively  used  hasten 
the  decay  of  vineyards  and  the  exhaustion  of  the 
soil. 

We  use  no  manures  in  our  vineyards,  except 
the  ashes  of  the  stumps  and  brush,  which  we 
burn  on  the  spot  in  clearing,  and  the  decom- 
posed leaves  of  the  forest,  which  we  have  to 
turn  under  in  plowing  our  grounds.  Other 
soils  may  require  manures,  and  ours  may,  in 
later  years.  But  even  those  authorities  who  fa- 
vor manures  in  preparing  certain  grounds,  or 
long  after  planting,  do  not  allow  any  decompos- 
ing organic  matter  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
newly  planted  vine.* 

During  the  first  summer,  little  else  can  be 
done  than  to  keep  the  ground  mellow,  loose 
about  the  plants  and  free  from  weeds ;  stirring 
the  ground,  especially  in  dry  weather,  is  the 
best  stimulant,  far  better  than  liquid  manure, 
and  mulching  (spreading  over  the  ground  a 
layer  of  tan-bark,  sawdust,  straw,  salt,  hay,  or 
the  like,  to  maintain  a  more  uniform  state  of 
temperature  and  moisture  for  the  roots)  is  far 


*  The  experiments  made  in  France  during  the  years 
1872, 1873  and  1874,  with  different  methods  of  treating 
vines  diseased  by  Phylloxera,  led  to  the  conclusion  that 
manures  especially  thosw  rich  in  potash  and  nitrogenous 
substances,  benefit  the  affected  vines.  Squares  thus 
treated,  which  were  benefited  in  Is72  and  1873,  have,  in 
1374,  in  some  cases  almost  returned  to  their  original  vig- 
or, but  the  Phylloxera  has  not  disappeared.  And  the 
ministerial  commission,  reporting  on  these  experiments 
believed  itself  justified  In  asserting  that  manures,  rich 
in  potash  and  nitrogen,  mixed  with  alkaline  or  earthy 
sulphates,  refuse  of  salt-works,  soot,  wood  ashes,  ammo- 
nia, or  fat  lime,  have  increased  the  productiveness  of  the 
vines  and  allowed  the  fruit  to  ripen.  Prof.  Af.  Roessler 
of  Klosternenburg.  Austria,  believes  in  fighting  the  in- 
sect with  manure  and  phosphates,  ammonia  and  potash. 
This  treatment  succeeds  in  porous  soils,  and  to  obtain 
this  porosity  the  learned  CEnologue  made  use  of  dyna- 
mite, raising  the  ground  thus  from  a  great  depth,  with- 
out injuring  the  vines. 


better  than  watering.  Do  not  tie  your  young 
vines  up,  do  not  pinch  off  the  laterals ;  by  allow- 
ing them  to  lie  on  the  ground,  during  the  first 
season,  more  vigorous  stems  will  be  obtained. 
A  fair  growth  is  about  four  feet  the  first  sum- 
mer. In  the  fall,  after  the  foliage  is  all  off,  cut 
back  to  two  or  three  buds.  Cover  the  short  cane 
left  with  a  few  inches  earth  before  the  ground 
freezes. 

During  the  following  winter,  the  TRELLIS 
should  be  built.  The  plan  adopted  by  most  of 
our  experienced  grape  growers,  as  possessing 
some  advantages  over  other  plans,  especially  if 
grapes  are  grown  in  large  quantities,  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Posts  of  some  durable  timber  (red  cedar 
is  best)  are  split  3  inches  thick  and  about  7  feet 
long,  so  as  to  be  5  feet  in  height  after  being  set; 
these  posts  are  set  in  holes  two  feet  deep,  16  to 
18  feet  apart  in  the  rows  (so  that  either  2  vines 
8  feet  apart,  or  3  vines  6  feet  apart,  are  between 
two  stakes),  three  wires  are  then  stretched  hor- 
izontally along  the  posts,  being  fastened  to  each 
post  with  a  staple  f),  which  is  driven  in  so  firmly 
that  the  wire  is  prevented  from  slipping  through. 
The  two  end  posts  should  be  larger  than  the 
others  and  braced  (Fig.  20),  so  that  the  contrac- 


Fig.  20.— (Four  wires,  15  inches  apart.) 

tion  of  the  wire  (in  cold  weather)  will  not 
loosen  them.  The  first  wire  is  placed  about  18 
inches  from  the  ground  and  the  others  18  inches 
apart ;  this  brings  the  upper  wire  about  4  feet  6 
inches  from  the  ground.  The  size  of  wire  used 
is  No.  10  annealed  iron;  but  No.  12  wire  is 
strong  enough.  At  the  present  prices  of  wire 
the  cost  per  acre  will  be  from  $40  to  $60,  ac- 
cording to  distance  of  rows  and  number  of  wires 
used. 
No  12  is  the  size  most  commonly  used. 

The  Ludlow  Saylor  Wire  Company,  St.  Louis, 
furnish  us  the  following  table,  which  may  serve 
in  calculating  the  cost: 


20 


BUSHBEKG  CATALOGUE. 


Fig.  21. 


Size  of  Wire."' 

Cost  per  Ib. 

Weight  of  100 
yanjs. 

?_, 
o> 
ft  . 

II 

d 
fc 

323 
264 
211 
163 
124 
97 

b 

-  . 
p,oa 

*S 

1«? 

^1 
£* 

Length  of  100 
Ibg.in  yds. 

Break  with  di- 
rect strain  of 
Iba. 

!. 

rig 

£§ 

1 

Cost  per  acre  . 
3  strands- 
rows  8  feet 
apart. 

9 

10 

11 

12 
13 
14 

? 

8 

18.36 
14.97 
11.95 
9.24 
7.05 
5.51 

342 
420 
529 
700 
893 
1142 

609 
747 
939 
1244 
1519 
2031 

15HO 
1280 
1000 
800 
068 
4o6 

986 
807 
645 
499 
377 
296 

$64  15 
64  50 
51  60 
42  35 
36  00 
27  25 

In  place  of  the  wire,  slats  or  laths  may  serve 
the  same  purpose  (as  seen  in  fig.  21),  but  they 
are  not  durable,  and  the  posts  must  then  be  put 
in  much  closer.  Another  mode  of  making  wire 
trellis  (the  Fuller  plan)  is  with  horizontal  bars 
and  perpendicular  wires,  as  shown  in  a  follow- 
ing illustration  (fig.  22).  Posts  of  good,  hard, 
durable  wood,  3  inches  in  diameter  and  Ci  to 


!1 


Fig.  22. 


7  feet  long,  are  placed  between  the  vines,  at 
equal  distance  from  each  vine,  and  in  a  line 
with  them,  two  feet  deep  in  the  ground.  When 
the  posts  are  set,  nail  on  strips  about  2£  inches 
wide  and  1  inch  thick,  one  strip  or  bar  being 
placed  one  foot  from  the  ground,  and  the  other 
at  the  top  of  the  post.  Then  take  No.  16  gal- 
vanized iron  wire  and  put  it  on  perpendicularly, 
twisting  it  around  the  lower  and  upper  bar,  at 
a  distance  of  about  12  inches  apart.  Galvan- 
ized iron  is  preferable,  and  as  a  pound  of  No. 
16  wire  gives  one  hundred  and  two  feet,  the  ad- 
ditional expense  is  but  very  small.  This  trellis 


will  probably  cost  less  than  with  horizontal 
wires,  and  is  preferred  by  some.  Practical  ex- 
perience, however,  speaks  in  favor  of  horizontal 
wires,  and  a  method  with  only  two  horizontal 
wires,  the  lower  about  3  feet  high  and  the  upper 
about  5£  feet  high,  is  gaining  the  good  opinion 
of  vineyardists,  East  and  West.  A  good  many 
grape  growers  train  their  vines  to  stakes,  be- 
lieving it  to  be  cheaper,  and  the  decline  in  the 
price  of  grapes  and  wine  induces  many  to  adopt 
the  least  costly  plan ;  one,  two  and  three  stakes 
will  be  recommended  by  some,  all  of  which  will 
prove  a  slovenly — very  inconvenient  method. 
And  yet,  quite  recently,  a  method  of  training 
our  vines  to  but  one  stake  each,  pruning  the 
vine  to  two  branches,  which  are  wound  spirally, 
in  opposite  directions,  around  the  stake,  and 
nailed  fast  to  its  top,  has  been  not  only  claimed 
as  a  new  invention  and  as  an  improvement  in 
grape  culture,  but  has  actually  been  patented ! 
(J.  B.  Tillinghast,  modes  of  training  and  secur- 
ing Grave-vines,  No.  155,995.  Patented  Get. 
13,  1874.) 

Some  people  believe  even  that  we  could  dis- 
pense with  both  trellis  and  stakes  entirely,  and 
urge  the  adoption  of  the  "  Souche  "  or  "  Buck 
Pruning"  plan  used  in  parts  of  France  and 
Switzerland,  but  quite  impracticable  for  our 
strong  growing  species. 

If  you  have  covered  your  young  vines  last 
fall,  remove  the  earth  from  over  them  at  the  ap- 
proach of  spring;  then  cultivate  the  whole 
ground',  plowing  between  the  rows  from  four  to 
six  inches  deep,  and  carefully  hoeing  around 
the  vines  with  a  pronged  hoe ;  the  two-prong 
German  hoe  or  Karat,  has  been  generally  used 
in  vineyards,  but  since  we  got  Hexamer 'sprang >- 
hoe  w«  prefer  this  excellent  tool.  The  ground 
should  thus  be  broken  up,  inverted  and  kept  in 
a  mellow  condition  continually;  but  do  not 
work  the  ground  when  wet! 

During  the  second  summer,  a  cane  or  shoot  is 
produced  from  each  of  the  two  or  three  buds 
which  you  left  on  the  young  vine  last  fall.  Of 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


21 


these  young  shoots,  if  there  are  three,  leave  on- 
ly the  two  strongest,  tying  them  neatly  to  the 
trellis,  and  let  them  grow  unchecked  to  the  up- 
permost wire. 

With  the  strong-growing  varieties,  especially 
where  we  intend  to  grow  the  fruit  on  laterals  or 
spurs,  the  two  main  canes  are  pinched  off  when 
they  reach  the  second  horizontal  wire,  whereby 
the  laterals  are  forced  into  stronger  growth, 
each  forming  a  medium-sized  cane,  which  is 
shortened  in  the  fall  from  four  to  six  buds.  One 
of  the  two  main  canes  may  be  layered  in  June, 
covering  it  with  mellow  soil,  about  an  inch 
deep,  leaving  the  ends  of  the  laterals  out  of  the 
ground.  These  will  generally  make  good  plants 
in  the  fall  for  further  plantations ;  with  varie- 
ties which  do  not  grow  easily  from  cuttings, 
this  method  is  particularly  desirable.  Fig.  23 
shows  the  vines  tied  and  pruned,  accordingly, 
at  the  end  of  the  second  season  (the  cross  lines 
through  the  canes  showing  where  they  are  cut 
off  or  pruned). 

Another  good  mode  of  training,  recommended 
by  Fuller,  is  to  bend  down  in  fall,  at  the  end  of 
the  second  season,  the  two  main  canes  of  the 
vines  (the  laterals  of  which  have  been  pinched 
back  to  concentrate  the  growth  into  these  main 
canes)  in  opposite  directions,  laying  and  tying 
them  against  the  lower  wire  or  bar  of  the  trellis, 
as  shown  in  figure  22,  and  shortening  them  to 
four  feet  each.  Then  let  five  or  six  of  the 
buds  on  the  upper  side  of  the  arms  be  grown  in- 
to upright  canes.  All  buds  and  shoots  not 
wanted  for  upright  canes,  should  be  rubbed  or 
broken  off.  This  latter  method  is  not  well 
adapted  for  varieties  which  require  covering  in 
winter.  Where  the  canes  are  started  lower, 
near  the  ground,  and  cut  loose  from  the  wire, 
they  can  be  easily  covered  with  earth. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  third  season  (un- 
cover and)  tie  the  canes  to  the  trellis,  as  shown 
before.  For  tying,  any  soft  string  or  stout 
woolen  yarn,  the  shreds  of  old  gunnies,  may  be 
used;  some  obtain  their  tying  material  from 
basswood-bark,  soaked  for  two  weeks  or  longer 


in  running  water.  Mr.  Husmann 
recommends  to  plant  the  Golden 
Willow  or  any  other  willow  (Pur- 
purea  Vinivalis),  and  to  use  its 
small  twigs  for  tying  purposes.  Tie 
tightly,  and  as  young  canes  grow, 
keep  them  tied,  but,  in  all  cases, 
take  care  against  tying  too  tightly, 
as  the  free  flow  of  sap  may  be  ob- 
structed. 

The  ground  is  now  plowed  and  hoed  again, 
as  described  before.  From  each  of  the  buds 
left  at  the  last  pruning  (as  shown  in  the 
preceding  figures),  canes  can  be  grown  du- 
ring the  third  year,  and  each  of  these  canes 
will  probably  bear  two  or  three  bunches  of 
fruit.  There  is  danger  of  their  being  injured 
by  over-bearing,  on  which  account  the  bunches 
should  be  tl.inned  out  by  taking  away  all  im- 
perfect bunches  and  feeble  shoots.  In  order  to 
secure  future  fruitfulness  of  the  vine,  and  to 
keep  it  at  the  same  time  in  our  convenient  con- 
trol, we  should  allow  no  more  wood  to  grow 
than  we  need  for  next  seasons'  bearing,  and  for 
this  purpose  we  resort  to  Spring  pruning,  gen- 
erally, though  improperly,  called : 

SUMMER     PRUNING. 

The  time  to  perform  the  first  summer  pruning 
is  when  the  young  shoots  are  about  six  inches 
long,  and  when  you  can  see  plainly  all  the  small 
bunches — the  embryo  fruit.  We  commence  at 
the  lower  two  spurs,  having  two  buds  each,  and 
both  started.  One  of  them  we  intend  for  a 
bearing  cane  next  summer;  therefore,  allow  it 
to  grow  unchecked  for  the  present,  tying  it,  if 
long  enough,  to  the  lowest  wire.  The  other, 
which  we  intend  for  a  spur  again  next  fall,  we 
pinch  with  the  thumb  and  finger  to  just  beyond 


Fig1.  24.  Fig.  25. 

the  last  bunch  or  button,  taking  out  the  leader 
between  the  last  bunch  and  the  next  leaf,  as 
shown  in  fig.  24,  the  cross  line  indicating  where 
the  leader  is  to  be  pinched  off.  We  now  come 


22 


BUSH  BERG  CATALOGUE. 


to  the  next  spur,  on  the  opposite  side,  where 
we  also  leave  one  cane  to  grow  unchecked,  and 
pinch  off  the  other. 

"We  now  go  over  all  the  shoots  coming  from 
the  arms  or  laterals  tied  to  the  trellis,  and  also 
pinch  them  beyond  the  last  bunch.  Should  any 
of  the  buds  have  pushed  out  two  shoots,  we  rub 
off  the  weakest ;  we  also  take  off  all  barren  or 
weak  shoots.  If  any  of  them  are  not  sufficiently 
developed  we  pass  them  over,  and  go  over  the 
vines  again,  in  a  few  days  after  the  first  pinch- 
ing. 

The  bearing  branches  having  all  been  pinched 
back,  we  can  leave  our  vines  alone  until  after 
the  bloom,  only  tying  up  the  young  canes  from 
the  spurs,  should  it  become  necessary.  But  do 
not  tie  them  over  the  bearing  canes,  but  lead 
them  to  the  empty  space  on  both  sides  of  the 
vine,  as  our  object  must  be  to  give  the  fruit  all 
the  air  and  light  we  can. 

By  the  time  the  grapes  have  bloomed,  the  lat- 
erals will  have  pushed  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  on  the  bearing  shoots.  Now  go  over 
these  again,  and  pinch  each  lateral  back  to  one 
leaf,  as  shown  in  fig.  25.  In  a  short  time,  the 
laterals  on  the  fruit  bearing  branches  which 
have  been  pinched  will  throw  out  suckers  again. 
These  are  stopped  again,  leaving  one  leaf  of  the 
young  growth.  Leave  the  laterals  on  the  canes 
intended  for  next  years'  fruiting  to  grow  un- 
checked, tying  them  neatly  with  bass  or  paw- 
paw bark,  or  with  rye  straw  to  the  wires. 

If  you  prefer  training  your  vines  on  the  hori- 
zontal arm  system  (fig .  22)  the  mode  of  summer 
pruning  will  be  in  the  main  the  same.  Pinch 
off  the  end  of  each  upright  shoot  as  soon  as  it 
has  made  two  leaves  beyond  the  last  bunch  of 
fruit ;  the  shoots  after  being  stopped  will  soon 
start,  and  after  growing  a  few  inches  should  be 
stopped  again,  as  we  wish  to  keep  them  within 
the  limits  of  the  trellis,  and  the  laterals  should 
be  stopped  beyond  its  first  leaf.  Thus  we  try 
to  keep  the  vine  equally  balanced  in  fruit,  foli- 
age and  wood.  It  will  be  perceived  that  fall 
pruning,  or  shortening-in  the  ripened  wood  of 
the  vine,  and  summer  pruning,  shortening-in 
and  thinning  out  the  young  growth,  have  one 
and  the  same  object  in  view,  namely,  to  keep 
the  vine  within  proper  bounds,  and  concentrate 
all  its  energies  for  a  two-fold  object,  namely, 
the  production  of  and  ripening  of  the  most  per- 
fect fruit,  and  the  production  of  strong,  healthy 
wood  for  the  coming  season's  crop.  Both  ope- 
rations are,  in  fact,  only  different  parts  of  one 
and  the  same  system,  of  which  summer  pruning 
is  the  preparatory,  and  fall  pruning  the  finishing 


part ;  but  while  the  vine  will  bear,  without  ap- 
parent injury,  any  reasonable  amount  of  prun- 
ing during  its  dormant  state,  in  fall  or  winter, 
any  sef ere  cutting  during  summer  is  an  unmit- 
igated evil.  G.  W.  Campbell,  the  well-known 
horticulturist,  says:  "All  the  summer  pruning 
I  would  recommend,  would  be  the  early  rub- 
bing out  of  superfluous  shoots,  upon  their  first 
appearance ;  leaving  only  what  is  required  for 
next  years'  bearing  wood.  This,  with  the 
pinching  or  stopping  the  ends  of  such  shoots  or 
canes  as  were  disposed  to  be  too  rampant  in 
growth,  would  be  all  I  would  ever  consider 
necessary.  Some  of  the  most  successful  grape 
growers  within  my  knowledge,  carefully  prune 
their  vines  in  fall  or  early  spring,  and  then 
leave  them  entirely  without  summer  pruning." 
The  importance  of  this  matter  is  so  great  that 
we  subjoin — 

HUSMANN'S  METHOD  OF  SUMMER  PRUNING 

THE  VINE. 

[Extract  from  his  excellent  articles  in  the  "Grape  Cul- 
turist "  on  this  most  important  operation.] 

Without  proper  and  judicious  summer  prun- 
ing, it  is  impossible  to  prune  judiciously  in  the 
fall.  If  you  have  allowed  six  to  eight  canes  to 
grow  in  summer  where  you  need  but  two  or 
three,  none  of  them  will  be  fit  to  bear  a  full 
crop,  nor  be  properly  developed.  We  prune 
longer  in  fall  than  the  majority  of  our  vintners, 
which  gives  a  double  advantage;  should  the 
frost  of  winter  have  injured  or  killed  any  of  the 
first  buds,  we  still  have  enough  left;  and  should 
this  not  be  the  case,  we  still  have  our  choice  to 
rub  off  all  imperfect  shoots ;  to  reduce  the  num- 
ber of  bunches  at  the  first  pinching,  and  thus 
retain  only  strong  canes  for  the  next  years' 
fruiting,  and  have  only  large,  well  developed 
bunches. 

But  to  secure  these  advantages  we  have  cer- 
tain rules,  which  we  follow  strictly.  We  are 
glad  to  see  that  the  attention  of  the  grape  grow- 
ers of  the  country  is  thoroughly  aroused  to  the 
importance  of  this  subject,  and  that  the  old 
practice  of  cutting  and  slashing  the  young 
growth  in  July  and  August  is  generally  dis- 
countenanced. It  has  murdered  more  promising 
vineyards  than  any  other  practice.  But  people 
are  apt  to  run  into  extremes,  and  many  are  now 
advocating  the  "  let-alone"  doctrine.  We  think 
both  are  wrong,  and  that  the  true  course  to  steer 
is  in  the  middle. 

1.  Perform  the  operation  EARLY.  Do  it  as 
soon  as  the  shoots  are  six  inches  long.  At  this 
time  you  can  oversee  your  vine  much  easier. 
Every  young  shoot  is  soft  and  pliable.  You  do 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


23 


not  rob  the  vine  of  a  quantity  of  foliage  it  can- 
not spare  (as  the  leaves  are  the  lungs  of  the 
plant  and  the  elevators  of  the  sap) .  You  can 
do  three  times  the  work  that  you  can  perform  a 
week  later,  when  the  shoots  have  become  hard- 
ened, and  intertwined  by  their  tendrils.  Re- 
member that  the  knife  should  have  nothing  to 
do  with  summer  pruning.  Your  thumb  and 
iinger  should  perform  all  the  work,  and  they 
can  do  it  easily  if  it  is  done  early. 

2.  Perform  it  thoroughly  and  systematically. 
Select  the  shoots  you  intend  for  bearing  wood 
for  next  year.  These  are  left  unchecked ;  but 
do  not  leave  more  than  you  really  need.  Re- 
member that  each  part  of  the  vine  should  be 
thoroughly  ventilated,  and  if  you  crowd  it  too 
much,  none  of  the  canes  will  ripen  their  wood 
as  thoroughly  nor  be  as  vigorous  as  when  each 
lias  room,  air  and  light.  Having  selected  these, 
commence  at  the  bottom  of  the  vine,  rubbing 
off  all  superfluous  shoots,  and  all  which  appear 
weak  and  imperfect.  Then  go  over  each  arm 
or  part  of  the  vine,  pinching  every  fruit  bearing 
branch  above  the  last  bunch  of  grapes,  or,  if 
this  should  look  weak  or  imperfect,  remove  it 
and  pinch  back  to  the  first  perfectly  developed 
bunch.  Should  the  bud  have  pushed  out  two 
or  three  shoots,  it  will  generally  be  advisable  to 
leave  only  the  strongest,  and  remove  the  bal- 
ance. Do  not  think  that  you  can  do  part  of  it  a 
little  later,  but  be  unsparing  in  taking  away  all 
you  intend  to  take  this  time.  Destroy  all  the 
caterpillars,  and  all  the  insects  you  find  feeding 
on  the  vines,  the  steel-blue  beetle,  who  will  eat 
into  the  buds.  But  protect  the  lady-bug,  man- 
tis, and  all  the  friends  of  the  vine. 

We  come  now  to  the  second  stage  of  summer 
pruning.  After  the  first  pinching,  the  dormant 
buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  fruit-bearing 
shoots,  will  each  push  out  a  lateral  shoot,  oppo- 
site the  young  bunches.  Our  second  operation 
consists  in  pinching  each  of  these  laterals  back 
to  one  leaf  as  soon  as  we  can  get  hold  of  the 
shoot  above  the  first  leaf,  so  that  we  get  a  young 
vigorous  leaf  additional,  opposite  to  each  bunch 
of  grapes.  These  serve  as  elevators  of  the  sap, 
and  also  as  an  excellent  protection  and  shade 
to  the  fruit.  Remember,  our  aim  is  not  to  rob 
the  plant  of  its  foliage,  but  to  make  two  leaves 
grow  where  there  was  but  one  before,  and  at  a 
place  where  they  are  of  more  benefit  to  the 
fruit.  By  our  method,  our  rows  of  vines  have 
the  appearance  of  leafy  walls,  each  bunch  of  the 
fruit  properly  shaded,  and  yet  each  part  ot  the 
vine  is  properly  ventilated.  We  come  now  to 


another  of  those  accidental  discoveries,  which 
has  proved  of  great  use  to  us  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Concord,  Herbemont,  Taylor,  etc. 
In  the  summer  of  1862,  when  a  piece  of  Con- 
cord>  planted  1861,  was  growing  rapidly,  a  se- 
vere hail  storm  cut  up  the  young  shoots,  com- 
pletely defoliating  them,  and  breaking  the  ten- 
der and  succulent  shoots  at  a  height  of  about 
two  feet.  The  vines  were  growing  rapidly,  and 
the  dormant  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  im- 
mediately pushed  out  laterals,  which  made  very 
fair  sized  canes.  In  the  following  fall,  when  we 
commenced  to  prune,  we  found  from  three  to 
five  of  these  strong  laterals  on  each  cane,  and 
accordingly  shortened  them  in  to  from  three  to 
five  and  six  buds  each.  On  these  laterals  we 
raised  as  fine  a  crop  of  grapes  as  we  ever  saw, 
certainly  much  finer  than  we  had  ever  before 
raised  on  the  strong  canes ;  and  we  have  since 
learned  to  imitate  hail  storms  by  pinching  the 
leaders  of  young  shoots  when  they  have  grown, 
say  two  feet,  forcing  out  the  laterals,  and  grow- 
ing our  fruit  on  the  latter,  thus  meeting  with 
another  illustration  of  the  old  proverb,  "  It  is 
an  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody  any  good." 

After  the  second  pinching  of  the  fruit-bearing 
branches,  as  described  above,  the  laterals  will 
generally  start  once  more,  and  we  pinch  the 
young  growth  again  to  one  leaf,  thus  giving 
each  lateral  two  well  developed  leaves.  The 
whole  course  should  be  completed  about  the 
middle  of  June  here,  and  whatever  grows  after- 
wards should  be  left.  In  closing,  let  us  glance 
at  the  objects  we  have  in  view : 

1.  To  keep  the  vines  within  proper  bounds, 
so  that  it  is  at  all  times  under  the  control  of  the 
vintner,  ivithout  weakening  its  constitution  by 
robbing  it  of  a  great  amount  of  foliage. 

2.  Judicious  thinning  of  the  fruit  at  a  time 
when  no  vigor  has  been  expended  in  its  level- 
opment. 

3.  Developing    strong,    healthy  foliage,    by 
forcing  the  growth  of  the  laterals  and  having 
two  young,  healthy  leaves  opposite  sach  bunch, 
which  will  shade  the  fruit  and  serve  as  conduc- 
tors of  the  sap  to  the  fruit. 

4.  Growing  vigorous  canes  for  next  year's 
fruiting  and  no  more,  thereby  making  them 
stronger ;  as  every  part  of  the  vine  is  thus  ac- 
cessible to  light  and  air  the  wood  will  ripen  bet- 
ter and  more  uniform. 

5.  Destruction  of  noxious  insects.     As   the 
vintner  has  to  look  over  each  shoot  of  the  vine, 
this  is  done  more  thoroughly  and  systematically 
than  by  any  other  process. 


24 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


FALL   OR  WINTER  PRUNING. 

This  may  be  performed  at  any  time,  dur- 
ing mild  days,  while  the  vine  is  in  a  dormant 
state,  generally  from  November  to  March,  but 
should  be  done  at  least  a  week  before  vegeta- 
tion is  likely  to  commence.  Tender  varieties, 
which  require  covering,  must,  of  course,  be 
pruned  in  November. 

Different  varieties  will  require  somewhat  dif- 
ferent treatment,  some  varieties  (strong  grow- 
ers) will  fruit  better  if  pruned  to  spurs  on  old 
wood,  than  on  the  young  canes,  retaining  the 
old  canes  and  pruning  the  healthy,  strong 
shoots  or  laterals  they  have  to  two  buds, 
whereas,  others  (only  moderate  growers)  will 
flourish  and  bear  best  when  pruned  short  and 
to  a  cane  of  last  season's  growth. 

The  observing  vintner  will  find  some  hints 
in  our  descriptive  catalogue,  but  only  by  prac- 
tice and  experience  can  he  learn  the  best  method 
for  each  variety. 

The  following  are  the  views  of  Mr.  Husmann 
on  this  subject: 

Some  varieties  will  bear  more  readily  and 
larger  bunches  upon  the  laterals  of  the  young 
canes,  some  upon  the  spurs  of  a  few  eyes  on  old 
bearing  branches,  and  some  will  fruit  readily 
upon  the  principal  canes.  This  should  govern 
you  in  pruning. 

Most  of  the  strong  growers  of  the  Labrusca 
species,  (Concord,  Hartford,  Ives,  Martha,  Per- 
kins, etc.,)  as  well  as  some  of  its  more  vigorous 
Hybrids,  (Goethe,  Wilder,  etc.,)  and  especially 
some  JEstivalis,  (Herbemont,  Cunningham, 
Louisiana,  Rulander,)  will  fruit  best  on  the  lat- 
erals of  the  young  canes  of  last  summer's  growth 
provided  they  are  strong  enough,  which  they 
will  be  if  they  have  been  pinched  according  to 
our  directions ;  the  fruit  buds  at  the  base  of  the 
principal  canes  are  seldom  well  developed,  and 
will  not  bring  much  fruit.  We  therefore  grow 
the  fruit  on  the  laterals,  which  can  be  shortened 
in  to  from  two  to  six  eyes  each,  according  to 
their  strength.  All  these  rank  growers  should 
have  plenty  to  do,  that  is  they  should  be  pruned 
long,  much  longer  than  is  generally  done. 
Should  too  many  bunches  appear,  you  can 
easily  reduce  the  number  at  the  first  pinching. 
All  the  Cordifolia,  and  some  of  the  ^Estivalis 
class  (Cynthiana  and  Norton's  Virginia) ,  pro- 
duce best  on  spurs  on  two  or  three  year  old  canes; 
they  will  also  bear  better  on  spurs  on  laterals 
than  on  main  canes,  but  do  not  produce  their 
best  fruit  until  they  can  be  "  spurred  in  "  on  old 
arms.  For  this  purpose,  select  for  your  spurs 


strong,  well  ripened  shoots,  cut  them  back  two 
to  three  eyes  each,  and  cut  out  all  the  small  and 
imperfect  ones.  You  may  leave  from  thirty  to 
fifty  buds,  according  to  the  strength  of  your 
vine,  and  always  bear  in  mind  (hat  you  can  re- 
duce the  number  of  bunches,  when  summer 
pruning. 

A  third  class  produces  readily  and  abundantly 
from  the  main  caues.  This  comprises  the  van- 
lies  which  do  not  grow  very  strong,  the  more 
tender  Labrusca  and  all  of  more  or  less  Vinifera 
characteristics,  viz:  the  Alvey,  Cassady,  Creve- 
ling,  Catawba,  Delaware,  lona,  Rebecca. — 
These  will  produce  best  on  short  canes  of  say 
six  eyes,  short  pruning,  and  the  old  renewal 
plan  may  be  as  good  as  any  for  them.  There  is 
also  much  more  danger  of  overtasking  this  class 
than  both  of  the  others,  and  they  should  never 
be  allowed  to  bear  too  much. 

Grape  Culturist,  Nov.  1870. 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  different 
methods  apply  to  different  varieties,  and  we 
may  add  that  they  ought  to  be  also  modified  ac- 
cording to  other  circumstances.  Those,  there- 
fore, who  have  recommended  various  and  con- 
tradictory systems  of  training  and  pruning  may 
have  each  been  right ;  but  were  wrong  in  be- 
lieving their  preferred  method  the  only  correct 
method  in  all  cases,  or  equally  well  adapted  for 
all  species  and  varieties  of  grapes.  Bearing-  this 
in  mind  the  intelligent  vintner  will  soon  learn 
how  far  one  or  the  other  systems  is  best  appli- 
cable in  his  case. 

SUBSEQUENT  MANAGEMENT. 

We  may  now  consider  the  vine  as  fully  estab- 
lished, able  to  bear  a  full  crop,  and  when  tied 
to  the  trellis  in  spring,  to  present  the  appear- 
ance as  shown  in  fig.  26. 


(Fig.  26.) 

The  operations  are  precisely  the  same  as  in 
the  third  year.  If  you  train  your  vines  on  the 
horizontal  system,  the  upright  canes,  which 
were  pruned  back  to  two  buds  each,  will  now 
produce  two  shoots  each,  If  more  than  one 
shoot  should  proceed  from  each  of  these  two 
buds,  or  if  other  shoots  should  start  from  small 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


buds  near  the  arms  only  the  strongest  one 
should  be  allowed  to  grow,  and  all  others 
rubbed  off.  Instead  of  ten  to  twelve  upright 
canes,  you  will  have  twenty  to  twenty  four,  and 
allowing  three  bunches  to  each,  you  may  get 
seventy  bunches  to  every  vine,  the  fourth  year 
after  planting.  These  canes  are  now  to  be 
treated  the  same,  as  regards  stopping,  pinching 
laterals,  etc.,  during  each  subsequent  year  of 
their  growth. 

There  are  many  other  modes  and  systems  of 
training,  but  the  same  general  rules  and  princi- 
ples prevail  in  nearly  all. 

There  is  one  well  authenticated  fact  in  the 
fruiting  of  the  grape,  viz:  that  the  finest  fruit, 
the  best,  earliest  and  largest  crops  are  produced 
upon  the  strongest  shoots  of  the  previous  years' 
growth.  The  only  proper  system  of  pruning 
will  therefore  be  that  which  encourages  and  se- 
cures an  abundance  of  such  shoots.  By  this 
general  principle  all  new  systems,  so  called, 
should  be  proved,  and  beginners  in  grape  cul- 
ture may  be  able  to  guard  against  receiving 
false  impressions  with  reference  to  any  mode 
which  may  fall  under  their  observation;  and 
this  caution  is  the  more  necessary  as  young 
vines  will  bear  good  crops  for  a  -few  years,  even 
under  very  indifferent  treatment  In  all  sys- 
tems of  training  which  involve  the  retention  of 
wood  beyond  five  or  six  years,  as  in  the  case  of 
spur  pruning,  and  the  methods  with  permanent 
horizontal  branches,  it  is  absolutely  essential  to 
remove  the  older  wood  at  certain  periods,  and 
replace  it  with  younger  wood  from  near  the 
base  of  the  plant.  Fixed  rules  can  hardly  be 
given  for  an  operation  which  requires  so  much 
thought  and  such  close  acquaintance  with  the 
growth  and  bearing  habits  of  the  different 
varieties. 

If  you  desire  to  train  your  vines  for  arbors  or 
on  walls,  leave  but  one  shoot  to  grow  during 
the  first  summer,  and  if  necessary  even  the  sec- 
ond, so  that  it  may  get  very  strong.  Cut  back 
to  three  eyes  in  fall,  these  will  each  throw  out  a 
strong  shoot,  which  should  be  tied  to  the  arbor 
they  are  designed  to  cover,  and  allowed  to  grow 
unchecked.  These  three  canes  will  be  cut  back 
in  the  fall  following  to  three  buds  each,  which 
will  give  us  three  principal  branches,  each  with 
their  canes  the  third  or  fourth  season;  of  each 
of  these  branches,  cut  next  fall  one  cane  to  two 
eyes,  and  the  others  to  six  or  more  buds,  ac- 
cording to  the  strength  of  the  vine,  then  gradu- 
ally increase  the  number  of  branches  and  cut 
back  more  severely  those  which  fruited.  In  this 
manner  a  vine  can  be  made  in  the  course  of 


time  to  cover  a  large  space,  produce  a  large 
quantity  of  fruit,  and  get  very  old. 

Those  who  desire  further  information  and  di- 
rections on  various  modes  of  pruning  and  train- 
ing, or  on  the  culture  of  grape  vines  in  glass 
houses,  we  refer  to  Chorlton's  Grape  Growers' 
Guide;  Fuller's  Grape  Culturist;  Hoare's  Cul- 
tivation of  the  Grape-vine  on  open  Walls ;  and 
other  books  on  Grape  Culture,  especially  also  to 
an  article  on  Pruning  and  Training  the  Grape- 
vine, by  Win.  Saunders,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  Report,  1866. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   GRAPE  VINE. 

The  vine,  with  all  its  vigor  and  longevity,  is  no  less 
subject  to  diseases  than  all  other  organic  bodies,  and  as 
we  cannot  remove  most  of  their  causes,  and  can  even 
with  the  best  care  prevent  and  cure  but  few,  our  first 
attention  must  be  given  to  the  selection  of  healthy 
plants  and  of  hardy  varieties.  You  have  already  been 
warned  against  planting  the  Grape  Vine  in  heavy,  wet 
soil,  where  water  stagnates,  or  in  places  exposed  to 
early  and  late  frosts.  You  have  been  impressed  with 
the  necessity  of  clean  cultivation,  stirring  the  soil,*  of 
proper  training,  and  of  thinning  the  fruit.  It  you  dis- 
regard these  points,  even  the  healthiest  and  most  vig- 
orous varieties  of  vines  will  become  diseased. 

"  The  Mildew  is  probably  our  most  formidable  disease. 
It  is  a  fungus;  two  distinct  kinds  are  infesting  our 
vines.  The  one  "Odium  Tuckeri,"  of  Europe,  shows  a 
powdery  appearance  on  the  nvper  surface  of  leaves,  and 
frequently  forms  a  somewhat  leathery  coating  on  shoots 
and  berries.  Its  effects  are  to  corrode  and  prevent  the 
further  swelling  of  the  parts  attacked.  Grapes  that  are 
touched  by  it,  will  show  an  indurated  spot,  hard  and 
brown,  the  portions  of  the  berry  ^not  attacked,  will 
swell  out  freely,  and  all  that  this  hurt  portion  can  do  is 
to  crack  open,  which  it  unially  does,  and  the  seeds 
may  frequently  be  seen  to  protrude  from  this  crack. 

But  the  mildew  most  injurious  to  our  native  grapes 
is  altogether  different.  This  is  a  Peronospora,  and 
shows  itself  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  usually 
looking  like  a  small  patch  of  whitish-brown,  downy 
matter.  It  adheres  closely  to  the  leaf,  and  is  a  perfect 
parasite;  it  destroys  the  part  where  it  adheres,  the  sun 
burns  a  hole,  and  it  is  called  blister,  leaf-blight,  etc. 
But  if  you  say  that  it  is  mildew— oh,  no !  I  never  had 
any  mildew.  Being  confined  to  the  under  surface  of 
tke  leaves  it  escapes  observation.  This  mildew  is  en- 
couraged by  continued  damp,  rainy  weather,  or  even 
constant  heavy  dews,  followed  by  still,  balmy  days  ; 
anything  in  fact  that  will  prevent  moisture  from  quickly 
leaving  the  foliage."  Wm.  Saunders. 

*  We  are  aware  of  the  fact  that  in  certain  seasons  and 
peculiar  soils,  neglected  vineyards,  filled  with  grass  and 
weeds  have  escaped  diseases  and  borne  full  crops,  while 
well  hoed  and  cultivated  vineyards  suffered  severely,  es- 
pecially from  rot;  but  the  rule  holds  nevertheless  good, 
in  general.  After  a  season  of  severe  drouth,  for  instance, 
fall  ploughing  may  cause  the  evaporation  of  the  scanty 
remaining  moisture  in  the  loosened  soil  and  render  the 
exhausted  roots  a  prey  to  severe  frosts,  while  the  un- 
ploughed,  baked  surface  would  serve  as  a  protection 
against  both.  Such  exceptions  have  misled  some  grape 
growers  to  advocate  non-cultivation,  or  even  grass 
sowing  in  their  vineyards.  But  after  a  year  or  two  a 
stunted  growth,  and  unproductiveness  of  their  vines  was 
the  result. 


26 


BUvSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


The  European  varieties  are  more  subject  to  this  dis- 
ease tb  an  our  indigenous  sorts.  In  France  and  Ger- 
many it  is  successfully  combated  with  flour  of  sulphur, 
early  and  often  applied,  on  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves .  *  "With  our  prices  of  labor  it  would  scarcely  be 
practicable  except  in  cold  graperies  or  garden  culture, 
and  it  is  best  not  to  plant  largely  of  those  varieties 
which  are  very  liable  to  this  disease. 

The  Rot  There  are  several  kinds  of  Rot  in  the  ber- 
ries, (well  known  to  all  cultivators  to  their  dismay,) 
specially  prevalent  in  heavy  soils  and  during  wet  sea- 
sons; (at  least  the  dry  climate  of  California  seems  a 
complete  safeguard  against  both  mildew  and  rot,)  and 
whatever  the  causes,  the  best  method  to  pursue  is  to 
choose  varieties  that  are  least  liable  to  be  affected,  and 
to  plant  them  upon  well  drained  soil. 

Sun-scald  is  another  disease,  or,  probably,  only  an- 
other stadium  of  mildew.  The  leaves  seem  to  be- 
come blistered  or  burnt;  that  portion  injured  will  turn 
brown,  arid  in  a  few  days  it  becomes  dry  and  crisp.  If 
the  leaves  are  much  injured  by  sun-scald  the  fruit  does 
not  mature.  (This  shows  the  absurdity  of  removing 
the  leaves  to  make  the  grape  ripen  better  or  sooner.) 
Sun-scald  and  mildew  often  go  together,  and  vines  af- 
fected by  the  one  are  very  likely  to  be  attacked  by  the 
other. 

There  is  another  species  of  fungus  called  rust,  and 
some  other  diseases,  but  they  are  by  far  less  injurious 
and  formidable  than  the  many  noxious 

INSECTS. 

[Our  limited  space  only  permits  us  to  briefly  refer  to 
a  few  of  those  insects  which  we  have  found  most  inju- 
rious in  our  own  vineyards.  These  are,  however,  for 
the  most  part  unnoticed  in  any  of  our  standard  treatises 
on  the  Grape-vine,  and  for  the  facts  regarding  them  we 
are  indebted  to  the  valuable  Entomological  Reports  of 
the  State  of  Missouri.] 

THE  GRAPE  PHYLLOXERA. 

( Phylloxera  vastatrix . ) 

Among  the  insects  injurious  to  the  Grape-vine  none 
have  ever  attracted  as  much  attention  as  the  PHYLLOX- 
ERA, which,  in  its  essential  characteristics,  was  un- 
known when  the  first  edition  of  this  little  work  on 
American  Grape-vines  was  written.  The  gall-inhabit- 
ing type  of  this  insect,  it  is  true,  was  noticed  by  our 
grape-growers,  many  years  ago,  (especially  on  the  Clin- 
ton) but  they  knew  nothing  of  its  root-inhabiting  type. 
Even  Fuller — who  informs  us  that  in  Mr.  Grant's  cele- 
brated grape -nurseries,  (as  far  back  as  1858)  the  men 
were  in  the  habit  of  combing  out,  with  their  fingers, 
the  roots  of  young  vines  to  be  sent  off,  in  order  to  get 
rid  of  the  knots — never  mentions  anything  of  this,  nor  of 
any  root-infesting  insect,  in  his  excellent  Treatise  on 
the  Cultivation  of  the  Native  Grape,  though  16  pages 
are  devoted  to  its  insects.  In  the  Spring  of  1869  M.  J. 
Lichtenstein,  of  Montpellier,  first  hazarded  the  opinion 
that  the  Phylloxera,  which  was  attracting  so  much  at- 
tention in  Europe,  was  identical  with  the  American 

*  The  practice  is  to  mix  the  sulphur  with  an  equal 
quantity  of  liii"  air-slacked  lime,  and  apply  the  powder 
with  the  aid  of  bellows,,  of  which  a  very  cheap  style  is 
manufactured  for  thie  purpose.  The  first  application  is 
made  as  soon  as  the  blossoms  are  off,  in  June,  and  re- 
peated once  a  month  during  the  summer.  "Ihe  main 
point  is  to  secure  an  even  distribution  in  a  dry  time,  and 
to  make  sure  work,  this  application  should  be  made  be- 
fore any  signs  of  mildew  appear,  and  repeated  8  or  4 
times  during  the  season. 


Leaf -gall  Louse,  (first  described  by  Dr.  Asa  Fitch, 
State  Entomologist  of  New  York,  by  the  name  of  Pem.- 
phigug*mtifoli<K)\  and  in  1870,  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  the  identity  of  their  gall  insect 
with  ours,  and  also  the  identity  of  the  gall  and  root- 
inhabiting  types.  The  correctness  of  his  views  is  con- 
firmed by  the  subsequent  researches  of  Prof.  Planchon, 
Dr.  Signoret,  Balbiani,  Cornu,  and  other  scientists  in 
France;  lately  also  of  Prof.  Rcessler,  in  Klosterneu- 
burg  in  Austria.* 

After  visiting  France  in  1871,  and  then  extending  his 
observations  here,  some  of  which  were  made  in  our 
Bushberg  vineyards,  Prof.  Riley  first  gave  us  every 
reason  to  believe  "  that  the  failure  of  the  European 
vine  ( F.  Vinifera)  when  planted  here,  the  partial  fail- 
ure of  many  hybrids  with  the  European  Vinifera,  and 
the  deterioration  of  many  of  the  more  tender-rooted 
native  varieties,  are  mainly  owing  to  the  injurious  work 
of  this  insidious  little  root-louse;  also,  that  some  of 
our  native  varieties  enjoy  relative  immunity  from  the 
insects'  attacks"— M.  Laliman,  of  Bordeaux,  having 
previously  noticed  the  remarkable  resistance  of  certain 
American  vines  in  the  midst  of  European  vines  dying 
from  the  effects  of  Phylloxera.  The  importance  of 
these  discoveries  to  grape  culture  cannot  be  too  highly 
appreciated.  The  French  Minister  of  Agriculture  com- 
missioned Professor  Planchon,  of  Montpellier,  to  visit 
this  country  to  study  the  insect  here— the  harm  it  does 
to  our  vines,  or  the  power  of  resistance  which  these 
possess,  f  His  investigations  not  only  corroborated 
Prof.  Hiley's  conclusions  regarding  the  Phylloxera,  but 
gave  him,  and  through  him  to  the  people  of  Europe,  a 
knowledge  of  the  quality  of  our  native  grapes  and 
wines,  which  will  be  very  apt  to  dispel  much  of  the 
prejudice  against  them  that  has  so  universally  prevailed 
heretofore. 

To  discuss  this  subject  as  it  deserves;  to  give  a  his- 
tory of  the  Grape  Phylloxera;  the  progress  and  extent 
of  its  ravages;  the  experiments  made  to  prevent  these; 
to  review  the  influence  which  it  had  and  probably 
will  have  on  American  grape -culture— would  far  ex- 
ceed the  scope  of  this  brief  manual.  The  literature  of 
this  subject  would  already  fill  a  respectable  library. 
We  can  here  merely  mention  a  few  facts,  and  give  some 
figures,  which  may  enable  the  grape-grower  to  recog- 
nize and  to  observe  this  minute,  yet  so  important  in- 
sect; and  we  refer  those  who  desire  full  and  reliable 
information  to  Prof.  Rilc>'s  Entomological  Reports, 
especially  the  Sixth,  for  1874,  from  which  we  cull 
largely.  It  will  be  understood  that  all  the  figures  are 
very  highly  magnified,  and  that  the  natural  sizes  are 
indicated  by  dots  within  circles,  or  by  lines. 

The  following  figure  of  a  grape  leaf,  shows  the  galls 
or  excrescences  produced  by  the  gall-inhabiting  type  of 
the  insect.  On  carefully  opening  one  of  the  galls,  we 
find  the  mother  louse  diligently  at  work  surrounding 
herself  with  pale-yellow  eggs,  scarcely  (.01)  the  one  hun- 

*  While  this  is  going  to  press  we  learn  from  Dr.  A. 
Blankenhorn ,  carlsruhe,  Germany,  that  the  Phylloxera 
has  just  been  found  in  three  different  places,  ( Annaberg, 
Carlsruhe  and  Worms)  always  on  the  roots  of  American 
vines,  which,  however,  did  not  show  the  slightest  symp- 
tom of  disease. 

t  The  full  report  of  Prof.  Planchon  has  just  been  pub- 
lished in  the  form  of  a  most  interesting  little  volume— 
"  Les  Vignes  Americaines,  leur  resistance  au  Phylloxera 
et  leur  avenir  en  Europe."  Paris  1875. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


27 


[Under  side  of  Leaf  covered  with  Galls.] 

dredth  part  of  an  inch  long,  and  not  quite  half  as  thick. 
She  is  about  .04  inch  long,  of  a  dull  orange  color,  and 
looks  not  unlike  an  immature  seed  of  the  common  purs- 
lane. The  eggs  begin  to  hatch,  when  six  or  eight 
days  old,  into  active  little  beings,  which  differ  from 
their  mother  in  their  brighter  yel- 
low color,  more  perfect  legs,  etc. 
Issuing  from  the  mouth  of  the 
gall,  these  young  lice  scatter  over 
the  vine,  most  of  them  finding 
ftieir  way  to  the  tender  terminal 
leaves,  and  commence  pumping 
up  and  appropriating  the  sap, 
forming  galls  and  depositing  eggs, 
as  their  immediate  parent  had 
This  process  con- 


0 


[TYPE  GALLIC9LA :  c, 
egg;  d,   section  of  ,iftnp  hpforp 
gall;  e,  swelling  of  done  l 
tendril.]  tinues  during  the  summer,  until 

the  fifth  or  sixth  generation. 
Every  egg  brings  forth  a  fertile  female  which  soon  be- 
comes wonderfully  prolific. 

By  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember the  galls  are 
mostly  deserted  and 
those  which  are  left  are 
usually  infected  with 
mildew,  and  eventu- 
ally turn  brown  and 
decay.  The  young  lice 
attach  themselves  to  HATCHED 

the  roots,  and  thus  hi-  ventral;  b,  dorsal  view.]  -; 
bernate.  It  is  an  important  fact  that  the  gall -inhabit- 
ing insect  occurs  only  as  an  agamic  and  apterous  female 
form.  It  is  but  a  transient  summer  state,  not  at  all  es- 
sential to  the  perpetua- 
tion of  the  species,  and 
does,  compared  with  the 
other,  or  root-inhabit- 
ing type,  but  trifling 
damage.  It  flourishes 
only  on  the  Riparia, 
more  especially  on  the 
Clinton  and  Taylor  ;  a 
[MOTHER  GALL-LOUSE;  ventral  few  of  its  galls  have 
and  dorsal  views  ]  been  noticed  on  some 

other  varieties,  and  abortive  attempts  are  often  made 


to  found  them  on  others.  And  in  some  seasons  it  is 
even  difficult  to  find  a  few  galls  on  tbe  very  vines  on 
which  they  were  very  abundant  the  year  before . 

The  root-inhabiting  type  of  the  Grape  Phylloxera 
hibernates  mostly  as  a  young  larva,  attached  to  the 
roots,  and  so  deepened  in  color  as  generally  to  be  of  a 
dull  brassy  brown,  and  therefore  with  difficulty  per- 
ceived, as  the  roots  are  often  of  the  same  color.  With 
the  renewal  of  vine  growth  in  the  spring,  this  larva 
moults,  rapidly  increases  in  size,  and  soon  commences 
laying  eggs.  These  eggs  in  due  time  give  birth  to 
young,  which  soon  become  virginal,  egg-laying  rnfothers 
like  the  first,  and  like  them,  always  remain  wingless. 
Five  or  six  generations  of  these  egg-bearing  mothers 
follow  each  other,  when,  aboufthe  middle  of  July,  in 
the  latitude  of  St.  Louis,  some  of  the  individuals  begin 
to  acquire  wings  and  continue  to  issue  from  the  ground 
until  vine-growth  ceases  in  the  fall.  Having  issued 
from  the  ground  while  in  the  pupa  state,  they  rise  in 
the  air  and  spread  to  new  vine- 
yards, where  they  deliver  them- 
selves of  their  issue  in  the  form 
of  eggs,  and  then  perish.  In 
the  course  of  a  fortnight,  these 
eggs  which  are  probably  depos- 
ited in  the  crevices  on  the  sur- 
face  of  the  ground,  near  the 

base  of  the  vine?  pr°duce  the 

sexual  individuals,  which  are 
born  for  no  other  purpose  than 
the  reproduction  of  their  kind, 
and  are  without  means  of  flight 


[MALE  PHYLLOXERA: 
Ventral  View.] 


or  of  taking  food.    They  are  quite  active  and  couple 
readily. 

Every  piece  of  root  having  rootlets,  taken  from  an 
infected  vine  during  August  or  September,  will  present 
a  goodly  proportion  of  pupa3,  and  a  glass  jar  filled  with 
such  roots  and  tightly  closed,  will  furnish  daily,  for 
some  time,  a  do^en  or  more  winged  females,  which 
gather  on  the  side  of  the  jar  toward  the  light.  We  may 
gather  some  idea  from  this  fact  of  the  immense  number 
that  disperse  through  the  air  to  new  fields,  from  a  single 
acre  of  infected  vines  in  the  course  of  the  late  summer 


[TYPE  RADICICOLA;  showing  the  tubercles  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  from  Gatlicola.] 

and  iall  months.  We  have,  therefore,  the  spectacle  of 
an  underground  insect  possessing  the  power  of  contin- 
ued existence,  even  when  confined  to  its  subterranean 
retreats.  It  spreads  in  the  wingless  state  from  vine  to 
vine  and  from  vineyard  to  vineyard,  when  these  are 
adjacent,  either  through  passages  in  the  ground  itself, 
or  over  the  surface ;  at  the  same  time  it  is  able  in  the 
winged  condition,  to  migrate  to  much  more  distant 
points. 

If  to  the  above  account  ;we  add  that  occasionally  in- 


28 


BUSHBBRG   CATALOGUE. 


dividuals,  under  certain  conditions,  abandon  their  nor- 
mal underground  habit,  and  form  galls  upon  the  leaves 
of  certain  varieties  of  grape-vines,  we  have  in  a  general 
way,  the  natural  history  of  the  species. 

The  annexed  figure  shows  the  abnormal  swelling  of 
the  rootlets,  which  follows  the  puncture  of  the  root- 
louse;  they  eventually  rot  and  the  lice  forsake  them  and 
betake  themselves  to  fresh  ones.  As  these  decompose, 
the  lice  congregate  on  the  larger  parts  beyond,  until 
at  last  the  root  system  literally  wastes  away. 

During  the  first  year  of  attack  there  are  scarcely  any 
outward  manifestations  of  disease;  only  the  second  and 
third  year— when  the  fibrous  roots  have  vanished,  and 
the  lice  not  only  prevent  the  formation  of  new  ones, 
but  settle  on  the  larger  roots,  which  also  eventually 
become  disorganized  and  rot — do  the  outward  symp- 
toms of  the  disease  become  manifest,  in  a  sickly,  yel- 
lowish appearance  ol  the  leaf,  and  a  reduced  growth  of 
cane;  and  the  vine  dies.  When  the  vine  is  about  dy- 
ing, it  is  generally  impossible  to  discover  the  cause  of 
the  d°ath,  the  lice  having  previously  left  for  fresh  pas- 
turage. 

As  is  frequently  the  case  with  injurious  insects,  the 
Phylloxera  shows  a  preference  for  and  thrives  best  on 
certain  species,  and  even  discriminates  between  varie- 
ties, or  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  practically, 
some  species,  or  varieties,  resist  its  attacks  and  enjoy  a 
relative  immunity  from  i's  injuries.  A  knowledge  of 
the  relative  susceptibility  of  different  varieties  to  the 
attacks  and  injuries  of  the  insect,  is  therefore  of  para- 
mount importance .  Information  on  this  subject,  based 


[TYPE  RADICICOLA:— «,  shows  a  healthv  root;  b,  one  on 
which  the  lice  are  working,  representing  the  knots  and 
swellings  caused  by  their  punctures;  c,  a  root  that  has 
been  deserted  by  them,  and  where  the  rootlets  have  com- 
menced to  decay;  d,  d,  d.  show  how  the  lice  are  found  on 
the  larger  roots ;  e,  female  pupa,  dorsal  view ;  g,  winged 
female,  dorsal  view.] 


on  the  researches  of  Prof.  Riley,  in  addition  to  careful 
observation  and  experiments,  made  during  the  last 
four  years  by  ourselves  and  our  many  correspondents 
in  France  and  in  this  country,  are  contained  in  this  cat- 
alogue, both  in  the  "Description  of  Varieties'-  and  in 
the  notes  to  Dr.  Engelinann's  "Classification  of  Spe- 
cies." (Pages  4—12.) 

The  reasons  why  certain  vines  thus  enjoy  exemption 
while  others  so  readily  succumb,  cannot  be  fully  ascer- 
tained, but  in  a  broad  way  it  may  be  stated  that  there 
is  a  relation  between  the  susceptibility  of  the  vine  and 
the  character  of  its  roots — the  slow-growing,  more  ten- 
der-wooded and  consequently  tender-rooted  varieties 
succumbing  the  most  readily. 

We  see  in  the  general  resistibility  of  our  purely  na- 
tive American  vines  against  the  Phylloxera,  a  remark- 
able verification  of  that  law  which  Darwin  has  so  ably 
established  and  aphoristically  expressed,  as  "  THE  SUR- 
VIVAL OF  TUB  FITTEST." 

Professor  Riley,  in  explaining  "  Why  the  insect  is 
more  injurious  in  Europe  than  here,"  says:  "There 
exists  a  certain  harmony  between  the  indigenous  fauna 
and  flora  of  a  country ;  and  our  native  vines  are  such 
as,  from  their  inherent  peculiarities,  have  best  with- 
stood the  attacks  of  the  insect.  The  European  vine,  on 
the  contrary,  succumbs  more  readily,  not  only  because 
of  its  more  tender  and  delicate  nature,  but  because  it 
has  not  been  accustomed  to  the  disease — there  being, 
doubtless,  a  parallel  between  this  case  and  the  well- 
known  fact  that  diseases  and  parasites  which  are  com- 
paratively harmless  among  peoples  long  accustomed  to 
them,  become  virulent  and  often  fatal  when  first  intro- 
duced among  hitherto  uncontaminated  peoples.  Then 
the  particular  natural  enemies  of  the  insect  which  be- 
long to  its  own  class,  and  which  in  this  country  help  to 
keep  it  within  due  bounds,  are  lacking  in  Europe;  and 
it  will  require  ?ome  time  before  the  closely  allied  Euro- 
pean predaceous  species  will  prey  upon  and  check  it 
there  to  the  same  extent.  The  Phylloxera  will,  also, 
all  other  things  being  equal,  have  an  advantage  in  those 
countries  where  the  mildness  and  shortness  of  the  win- 
ter allow  an  increase  in  the  annual  number  of  its  gen- 
erations. Finally,  the  differences  in  soil  and  in  modes 
of  culture  have  no  insignificant  bearing  on  the  question 
in  hand.  Though  Phylloxera,  in  both  types,  is  found 
on  our  wild  vines,  it  is  very  doubtful  if  such  wild  vines 
in  a  state  of  nature  are  ever  killed  by  it.  With  their 
far  reaching  arms  embracing  shrub  and  tree,  their 
climbing  habit  unchecked  by  the  pruner's  knife,  these 
vines  have  a  corresponding  length  and  depth  of  root, 
which  render  them  less  susceptible  to  injury  from  an 
under-ground  enemy.  Our  own  method  of  growing 
them  on  trellis  approaches  more  nearly  these  natural 
conditions  than  that  employed  in  the  ravaged  French 
districts,  where  the  vines  are  grown  in  greater  proxim- 
ity and  allowed  to  trail  upon  the  ground,  or  are  sup- 
ported to  a  single  stake." 

Again,  after  speaking  of  the  large  numbers  of  winged 
females  rising  from  the  ground  during  late  summer  and 
fall,  he  adds  the  following  cogent  reason  in  a  recent 
number  of  the  New  York  Tribune:  "The  winged  female 
Phylloxera  is  wafted  about,  and  will  lay  her  eggs,  or, 
in  other  words,  deliver  herself  of  her  progeny,  wher- 
ever she  happens  to  settle.  If  this  be  upon  the  grape- 
vine, well  and  good— the  young  live  and  propagate,  if 


MANUAL* 


upon  other  plants,  they  perish.  We  thus  have  the 
spectacle  of  a  species  annually  wasting  itself  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  just  as  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  most 
species  produce  a  superabundance  of  seed,  the  larger 
portion  of  which  is  destined  to  perish.  Thus  in  the 
thickly  planted  vine  districts  of  France,  lew  winged 
insects  would  fail  to  settle  where  their  issue  could  sur- 
vive, while  in  America,  an  immense  number  annually 
perish  in  the  large  tracts  of  other  vegetation  interven- 
ing between  our  vineyards." 

Under  the  stimulus  of  a  large  reward  (800,000  francs) 
appropriated  for  the  purpose  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment, innumerable  plans  have  been  proposed  and  ex- 
periments made  during  the  last  five  years,  but  no  rem- 
.  edy  has  yet  been  discovered  which  gives  entire  satisfac- 
tion, or  is  applicable  to  all  conditions  of  soil.  Submer- 
sion is  an  efficacious  remedy,  but  on  most  and  espec- 
ially on  the  best  hilly  vinelands,  submersion  is  imprac- 
ticable. An  admixture  of  sand  in  the  soil  is  also  of 
service,  as  the  root-louse  does  not  thrive  on  sandy  soils. 
Sulpho-carbonate  of  potassa  and  coal-tar  are  now  men- 
tioned as  capable  of  destroying  the  Phylloxera,  and 
Mr.  Mares  as  President  of  the  Ministerial  Commission , 
in  his  report  on  the  various  (140)  modes  of  treatment 
tried  in  1872  to  1874,  states  that  manures  rich  in  potash 
and  nitrogen,  mixed  with  alkaline  or  earthy  sulphates, 
refuse  of  salt-works,  soot,  wood-ashes,  ammonia,  or 
fat- lime,  have  given  the  best  result.  Prof.  Kosssler 
also  believes  in  fighting  the  insect  with  manure  and 
phosphates,  ammonia  and  potash,  which  treatment 
succeeds  in  porous  soils;  and  to  obtain  this  porosity  he 
made  use  of  dynamite,  raising  the  soil  from  a  great 
depth  without  injuring  the  vines.  He  then  puts  some 
chalk  and  phosphorus  at  the  foot  of  the  stock  and  irri- 
gates. A  gas  is  disengaged  by  the  humidity,  which  de- 
stroys great  quantities  of  insects.  But  the  grape  grow- 
ers seem  not  to  believe  in  these  medicinal  insecticides, 
or  consider  them  impractical,  too  costly,  and  their  ap- 
plication too  laborious.  Many  prefer  in  a  great  measure 
to  resort  to  planting  American  vines,  mostly  with  a 
view  to  graft  thereon  their  own  varieties.  In  Germany, 
however,  the  importation  of  our  vines  and  cuttings  has 
been  prohibited  by  law,  to  prevent  the  introduction  of 
the  dreaded  insect. 

While  this  may  be  a  wise  precaution  where  the  in- 
sect does  not  exist,  we  fear  that  it  comes  too  late.  Its 
existence  for  several  years  in  France,  in  England  also, 
and  its  having  been  discovered  in  Switzerland  and  in 
several  localities  in  Germany,  all  tend  to  thwart  the 
very  object  of  this  prohibition,  which  is  to  preserve  the 
German  vineyards  from  infection.  Kiley  and  Planchon 
have  established  the  fact  that  the  insect  is  indigenous 
to  the  N.  American  continent,  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  there  is  little  doubt  but  that  it  was  first  im- 
ported into  Europe  on  American  vines.  Yet  it  must 
not  be  supposed  that  our  American  vines  are  all  neces- 
sarily infested  with  Phylloxera,  or  that  the  insect  has 
been  introduced  in  every  locality  where  our  vines  have 
been  planted.  On  the  contrary  there  are  localities 
where,  from  the  isolated  nature  of  the  vineyards,  or  the 
nature  of  the  soil,  it  is  difficult  to  find  the  insect,  and 
like  many  other  indigenous  species,  it  is  in  some  years 
very  numerous  and  injurious;  in  others  scarcely  to  be 
seen.  There  is  no  positive  evidence  yet  that  it  can  be 
imported  on  cuttings,  though  such  transport  is  not  im- 


possible. It  should  be  recollected  also  that  vines  im- 
ported in  late  winter  or  early  spring,  cannot  possibly 
carry  the  insect,  even  if  infected,  in  any  other  than  the 
egg  or  larva  form;  as  no  winged  insects  are  then  in  ex- 
istence, to  escape  on  the  way,  or  upon  opening  the 
cases.  While,  therefore,  we  recognize  the  wisdom  of 
prohibiting  the  importation  of  American  vines  into 
non-infected  districts,  it  would  seem  unwise  to  cut  off 
from  those  districts  already  infected,  the  use  of  Ameri- 
can vines,  which  withstand  the  insect's  attacks;  and  the 
danger  of  importing  the  insect  would  be  avoided  if  the 
plants  or  cuttings  upon  being  unpacked  were  placed  in 
a  bath  of  strong  soapsuds.  The  greatness  of  the  evil, 
however,  even  justifies  extreme  measures. 
THE  GRAPE  LEAF-HOPPER. 

(Erythroneura  vitis.) 


Very  generally  but  erroneously  called  Thrips.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  troublesome  insects  the  grape-grower 
has  to  deal  with.  It  is  a  very  active  little  thing,  run- 
ning sideways  like  a  crab,  and  dodging  round  quickly 
to  the  other  side  when  approached.  It  jumps  with 
great  vigor,  and  congregates  in  great  crowds  upon 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  pumping  up  the  sap,  and 
thus  causing  numerous  brown  dead  spots,  and  often 
killing  the  leaf  entirely.  A  vine  badly  infested  with 
these  leaf-hoppers  wears  a  speckled,  rusty  and  sickly 
appearance,  while  the  leaves  often  drop  prematurely 
and  the  fruit  in  consequence  fails  to  ripen.  There  are 
several  species  attacking  the  Vine — all  belonging  to  the 
same  genus,  however,  and  only  differing  in  color.  The 
natural  history  of  this  insect  is  not  recorded  by  entom- 
ologists, but  Prof.  Riley  informs  us  that  the  eggs  are 
thrust  into  the  leaf-stems.  Tobacco-water  and  soap- 
suds are  recommended,  in  the  books,  to  be  syringed  on 
the  vines  as  a  remedy ;  but  we  would  recommend 
passing  between  the  rows  with  a  torch  in  the  evening, 
smearing  the  stakes  in  Spring  with  soft  soap  or  other 
sticky  substance,  and  burning  the  leaves  in  the  Fall. 
The  hoppers  fly  to  the  light  of  the  torch  ;  and  as  they 
pass  the  winter  under  leaves,  loose  bark  of  the  stakes, 
etc.,  cleanliness  in  and  about  the  vineyard  is  of  the  first 
importance  in  checking  their  ravages.  The  torch  remedy 
is  most  effectual  when  three  persons  work  in  company, 
one  between  two  rows  with  the  torch,  and  one  on  the 
further  side  of  each  of  the  rows  to  give  the  trellis  a 
slight  shake  and  disturb  the  hoppers. 

THE  GRAPE  LEAF-FOLDER. 

(Desmia  maculatis.) 

This  is  a  worm  of  a  glass-green  color,  very  active, 
wriggling,  jumping  and  jerking  either  way  at  every 
touch.  It  folds  rather  than  rolls  the  leaf,  by  fastening 
two  portions  together  by  its  silken  threads.  The  chrys- 
alis is  formed  within  the  fold  of  the  leaf.  The  moth  is 
conspicuously  marked  with  black  and  white,  all  the 
wings  being  bordered  and  spotted  as  in  the  annexed 


30 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


2  j 

GRAPE  LEAF-FOLDER.— 1,  larva;  2.  head  and  thoracic  joints 
enlarged;  3,  chrysalis;  4,  5,  male  and  female  moths.] 

figures.  The  male  is  distinguished  from  the  female  by 
his  elbowed  antennae,  thickened  near  the  middle,  while 
those  of  the  female  are  simple  and  thread-like.  The 
moths  appear  in  early  Spring,  but  the  worms  are  not 
numerous  till  mid-summer.  A  good  method  to  destroy 
the  worms  is  by  crushing  them  suddenly  with  both 
hands,  within  the  leaf.  The  last  brood  hybernates  in 
the  chrysalis  state,  within  the  fallen  leaves,  and  much 
may  be  done  towards  checking  the  ravages  of  this 
worm,  which  during  some  years  are  very  severe,  by 
raking  up  and  burning  the  dead  leaves  in  the  Fall. 

THE  GRAPE-VINE  FIDIA. 

(Fidia  viticida.) 

This  beetle,  often  miscalled  the 
Rose-bug,  is  one  of  the  worst  foes  of 
the  Grape-vine  in  Missouri.  It  makes 
its  appearance  during  the  month  of 
June,  and  by  the  end  of  July  has  gen- 
erally disappeared.  When  numerous 
it  so  riddles  the  leaves  as  to  reduce 
them  to  mere  shreds.  Luckily  this 
beetle  drops  to  the  ground  upon  the 
slightest  disturbance,  and  thus  enables  us  to  keep  it  in 
check,  by  taking  a  large  basin,  with  a  little  water  in  it 
and  holding  it  under  the  insect.  At  the  least  jar  the 
bugs  will  fall  into  the  dish.  When  a  quantity  have  thus 
been  caught,  throw  them  into  the  fire  or  pour  hot  water 
upon  them.  Mr.  Poeschel,  of  Hermann,  raised  a  large 
brood  of  chickens  and  had  them  so  well  trained  that  all 
he  had  to  do  was  to  start  them  in  'he  vineyard  with  a 
boy  in  front  to  shake  the  infested  vines,  and  he  himself 
behind  the  chicks.  They  picked  up  every  beetle  that 
fell  to  the  ground;  and  next  season  he  could  scarcely 
find  a  single  Fidia. 

THE  GIGANTIC  ROOT-BORER. 
(Prionus  laticollis.) 


a  smooth,  oval  chamber   in  the    earth, 
wherein  it  assumes  the  pupa  form .    If  the 
roots  are  larger  it  remains  within  them  to 
undergo  its  changes.    The  perfect  insect 
is  a  large,  dark  brown  beetle,  which  first 
appears  toward  the  end  of  June,  and  is 
very  commonly  found  during  the  Sum- 
mer and  Fall  months,  rushing,  often  with 
a  heavy  noisy  flight,  into  lighted  rooms. 
Prof.  Riley  has  shown  that  this  borer  not 
only  attacks  living  trees  and  vines,  but 
that  it  also  breeds  in  dead  oak  stumps, 
and  can   travel  through  the  ground  from  one  place 
to  another;  from  which  facts  he  draws  the  important 
corollary  that  it  will  not  do  to  leave  oak  stumps  to 
rot  on  ground  which  is  intended  for  a  vineyard— a  fact 
which  our  experience  corroborates.    Little  can  be  done 
in  the  way  of  extirpating  these  underground  borers, 
their  presence  being  only  indicated  by  the  death  ol  the 
vine.    Wherever  you  find  vines  suddenly  dying  from 
any  cause  unknown,  search  for  this  borer,  and  upon 
finding  one,  (in  each  case  we  have  found  but  onea.t  each 
tree  or  vine)  put  an  end  to  his  existence. 

THE  GRAPE-VINE  FLEA-BEETLE. 

(Haltica  chalybea.} 


This  large  borer  is  often  met  with  in  and  about  the 
roots  of  several  kinds  of  plants,  such  as  the  Apple,  the 
Pear,  and  the  Grape,  to  which  it  is  very  destructive. 
It  follows  the  roots,  entirely  severing  them  in  many 
instances,  so  that  the  vines  soon  die.  When  fully 
grown  it  leaves  the  roots  it  was  inhabiting,  and  forms 


[a,  larva,  natural  size ;  &,  do.  magnified ;  c,  cocoon ; 
d,  beetle  enlarged.] 

Like  all  Flea-beetles,  this  insect  has  very 
stout  swollen  hind  thighs,  by  means  of  which 
it  is  enabled  to  jump  about  very  energetically",, 
and  is  consequently  very  difficult  to  capture. 
The  color  of  the  beetle  varies  from  steel- 
blue  to  metallic-green  and  purple.    The  bee- 
tles hibernate  in  a  torpid  state  under  any 
shelter,  such  as  loose  bark,  crevices  of  stakes^ 
etc.,  and  they  are  roused  to  activity  quite 
early  in  the  spring,  doing  the  greatest  dam- 
j    damage  at  this  early  season  by  boring  into  and  scooping 
out  the  unopened  buds.     As  the  leaves  expand,  they 
feed  on  these,  and  soon  pair  and  deposit  their  small 
orange  eggs  in  clusters  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf. 
These  eggs  soon  hatch  into  dark-colored  larvae,  which 
may  be  found  of  all  sizes  during  the  latter  part  of  May 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


and  early  part  of  June,  generally  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  leaf,  which  they  riddle,  devouring  all  but  the  largest 
ribs.  A  dusting  of  dry  lime  kills  the  larvae,  but  the 
beetle  has  to  be  caught  and  killed. 

THE  GRAPE-BERRY  MOTH. 

{Lobesia,  botrana . ) 


[a,  moth;  6,  worm;  c,  hole  made  in  berry;  d,  rotting 
berry,  caused  by  worm.] 

This  insect  first  attracted  attention  about  seven  years 
ago.  About  the  first  of  July  the  grapes  that  are  at- 
tacked by  the  worm  begin  to  show  a  discolored  spot 
at  the  point  where  the  worm  entered.  Upon  opening 
such  a  grapo,  the  inmate  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  a 
winding  channel.  It  continues  to  feed  on  the  pulp  of 
the  fruit,  and  upon  reaching  the  seeds,  generally  eats 
out  their  interior.  As  soon  as  the  grape  is  touched 
the  worm  will  wriggle  out  of  it,  and  rapidly  let  itself  to 
the  ground,  by  means  of  its  ever  ready  silken  thread, 
unless  care  be  taken  to  prevent  its  so  doing.  The  co- 
coon is  often  formed  on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  in  a  man- 
ner essentially  characteristic :  the  worm  cuts  out  a  clean 
oval  flap,  leaving  it  hinged  on  one  side,  and  rolling  the 
flap  over,  fastens  it  to  the  leaf,  and  thus  forms  for  itself 
a  cozy  little  house  in  which  it  changes  to  a  chrys- 
alis. In  about  ten  days  after  this  last  change  takes 
place,  the  chrysalis  works  itself  out  of  the  cocoon  and 
the  little  moth,  represented  in  the  figure  (hair  lines 
showing  natural  size),  makes  its  escape.  As  a  remedy 
we  recommend  picking  up  all  fallen  berries  and  con- 
verting them  into  vinegar;  as  upon  racking  off  the  juice 
and  water,  countless  numbers  of  these  worms  are  found 
in  the  sediment.  This  insect  was  named  Penthnia  mti- 
vorana,  by  Dr.  Packard,  in  this  country,  but  Prof. 
Riley  informs  us  that  it  is  probably  an  importation 
from  Europe,  where  it  is  known  as  Lolesia  lotrana,. 

THE  ROSE-CHAFER. 

(Macrodactylus  subspinosus.) 
This  is  the  true  "  Rose-bug,"  injurious  to 
many  plants,  but  especially  hard  on  grape- 
vines during  some  years.  In  Prof.  Riley 's 
words:  "  It  is  one  of  those  species  whose 
larva  develops  under  ground,  and  cannot  be 
very  well  dealt  with  in  this  stage  of  its  life. 
We  must  contend  with  it  in  the  beetle  form, 
and  there  is  no  other  effectual  means  than  by  hand- 
picking,  or  by  shaking  into  vessels  and  on  to  sheets. 
This  work  can  be  greatly  facilitated  by  taking  advant- 
age of  the  insect's  tastes  and  preferences.  It  shows  a 
great  predilection  for  the  Clinton,  and  its  close  allies, 
of  all  other  varieties  of  the  Grape-vine,  and  will  gather 
upon  that  variety  and  leave  others  unmolested,  where 
it  has  a  chance.  Those  who  are  troubled  with  this 
beetle  will  no  doubt  take  the  hint." 


THE  GRAPE  CURCULIO. 

( Caliodee  incequalis.) 


[a,  berry  infested;  6,  larva;  c,  beetle;  the  hair  line  show- 
ing natural  length.] 

The  larva  of  this  curculio  infects  the  grapes  in  June 
and  July,  causing  a  little  black  hole  in  the  skin,  and  a 
discoloration  of  the  berry  immediately  around  it,  as 
seen  in  the  above  figure.  From  the  middle  to  the 
last  of  July  this  larva  leaves  the  berry  and  buries  itself 
a  few  inches  in  the  ground,  and  by  the  beginning  of 
September  the  perfect  insect  issues  from  the  ground 
and  doubtless  passes  the  winter  in  the  beetle  state, 
ready  to  puncture  the  grapes  again  the  following 
May  or  June.  This  curculio  is  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, being  of  a  black  color  with  a  grayish  tint.  It  is 
represented  above,  the  hair  line  underneath  showing 
the  natural  size.  This  insect  is  very  bad  some  years, 
at  others  scarcely  noticed,  being  doubtless  killed  ~by 
parasites.  It  is  thus  that  nature  works :  "  Eat  and  be 
eaten,  kill  and  be  killed,"  is  one  of  her  universal  laws, 
and  we  can  never  say  with  surety  because  a  particular 
insect  is  numerous  one  year,  therefore  it  will  be  so  the 
next. 

All  infested  berries  should  from  time  to  time,  as  they 
are  noticed,  be  collected  and  destroyed,  and  the  beetle 
may  be  jarred  down  on  sheets  as  with  the  Plum  Cur- 
culio. 

There  are  several  CUT  WORMS,  which  eat  the  young, 
tender  shoots  of  the  vine,  and  draw  them  into  the  ground 
below;  they  have  destroyed,  or  kept  back  at  least, 
many  a  young  vine.  The  little  rascals  can  be  easily 
found  and  destroyed  by  digging  for  them  under  the 
loose  clods  of  ground  beneath  the  young  vine. 

There  are  many  other  insects  injurious  to  the  Grape- 
vine—large solitary  worms— insects  which  lay  eggs  in 
the  canes— others  which  make  curious  galls,  etc.;  but 
the  reader  who  desires  an  acquaintance  with  these, 
must  refer  to  Prof.  Riley's  reports. 

Besides  the  insect,  you  will  have  yet  other  enemies 
to  combat;  foxes  and  birds,  and,  worst  of  all,  some 
two-legged  beings  in  human  shape — thieves — who  will 
steal  your  grapes  if  you  do  not  watch  and  threaten  to 
keep  them  off  with  powder  and  shot.  We  do. 

GATHERING  THE   FRUIT. 

Whether  it  be  for  the  table  or  for  wine,  do  not  pick 
the  grape  before  it  is  fully  ripe.  Every  grape  will  color 
before  ripe ;  some  do  so  several  weeks  before,  but  when 
thoroughly  ripe  the  stem  turns  brown  and  shrivels 
somewhat.  In  the  finest  qualities,  the  sweetness  and 
aroma  of  the  grape  juice  are  fully  developed  only  in  the 
perfectly  matured  grape;  and  we  consider  the  late  ripen- 
ing varieties  as  far  superior,  especially  for  wine,  to  the 
early  kinds;  but,  of  course,  only  in  silch  localities  where 


82 


BTJSHBEBG  CATALOGUE. 


late  grapes  will  mature .  This  noble  fruit  does  not  ripen, 
like  some  other  fruit,  after  being  gathered.  Always 
gather  the  grapes  in  fair  weather,  and  wait  till  the  dew 
has  dried  off  before  commencing  in  the  morning.  Cut 
off  the  clusters  with  a  knife  or  shears,  and  clip  out  the 
unripe  or  diseased  berries,  if  any,  taking  care  however, 
that  the  bloom  shall  not  be  rubbed  off,  nor  any  of  the 
berries  broken,  it  they  are  to  be  sent  to  market,  or  to  be 
kept  into  winter. 

For  packing  grapes  for  market,  shallow  boxes,  hold- 
ing from  three  to  ten  pounds,  and  especially  manufac- 
tured for  the  purpose  in  all  the  principal  grape  regions, 
costing  about  one  cent  per  pound,  are  used.  In 
packing,  the  top  is  first  nailed  on  and  a  sheet  of  thin 
white  paper  put  in;  whole  bunches  of  grapes  are  first 
put  in;  the  vacant  places  left  are  filled  with  parts  of 
bunches,  so  that  all  the  space  is  occupied  and  the  whole 
box  packed,  as  closely  and  as  full  as  possible,  without 
jamming.  Another  sheet  of  paper  is  now  laid  on  and 
the  bottom  nailed  down.  By  this  means,  when  the 
boxes  are  opened,  only  entire  bunches  are  found  at  the 
top. 

Grapes  could  be  easily  preserved  for  months  if  you 
had  a  cool  room  or  cellar,  where  the  temperature  could 
be  kept  between  35°  and  40°.  In  a  warm,  damp  atmos- 
phere, grapes  will  soon  rot.  Mr.  Fuller  recommends, 
for  preserving  grapes,  to  bring  them  first  into  a  cool 
room,  spread  them  out  and  let  them  remain  there  lor  a 
few  daj  s,  until  all  surplus  moisture  has  passed  off;  then 
pack  them  away  in  boxes,  placing  the  bunches  close 
together,  and  thick  sheets  of  paper  between  each  layer. 
When  the  boxes  are  filled  put  them  away  in  a  cool 
place;  examine  them  occasionally  and  take  out  the  de- 
cayed berries,  from  time  to  time,  as  they  appear.  If 
the  place  is  cool  and  the  fruit  ripe  and  sound,  they  will 
keep  three  to  lour  months.  Another  method  by  which 
grapes  are  sometimes  successfully  preserved  till  late  in 
March,  especially  in  France,  is  this:  cut  a  branch  hav- 
ing two  bunches  of  fruit  attached  and  place  the  lower 
end  in  a  small  bottle  of  water,  through  a  perforated 
cork;  seal  the  upper  cut  end  of  the  branch  and  also  the 
cork  with  sealing  wax.  A  little  charcoal  in  the  water 
preserves  its  purity.  The  bottles  are  then  placed  in  a 
dry  cool  room,  where  the  temperature  is  pretty  even 
and  never  falls  below  Ireezing  point,  and  are  kept  in  an 
erect  position  (usually  by  a  rack  made  lor  the  purpose) 
care  being  taken  that  the  clusters  do  not  touch  each 
other  and  that  every  imperfect  grape  be  removed  as 
fast  as  it  shows  signs  of  lailing.  But  very  few  persons 
however,  can  bestow  this  care  and  still  less  have  a  fruit 
room  or  cellar,  that  can  be  kept  so  cool  (40°). 

Lately  we  have  seen  and  tasted  Concord  grapes,  kept 
Iresh  and  beautiful,  in  a  porous,  unglazed  earthen  jar, 
manufactured  for  this  purpose  by  T.  J.  Price,  Macomb, 
Ills.,  who  says :  "  The  clusters  are  to  be  laid  carefully 
in  them  as  soon  as  picked,  and  then  taken  to  the  cellar 
or  basement,  or  some  cool  place  where  they  can  have 
both  ventilation  and  moisture;  if  they  are  put  in  a  room 
above  ground,  sprinkle  the  floor  occasionally,  and  let 
them  have  the  night  air  until  cold  freezing  weather. 
The  pores  of  these  jars  are  filled  with  a  salt  solution, 
as  they  come  from  the  kiln,  then  the  inside  coated  with 
a  common  thick  limewash .  The  salt  solution  in  the 
pores  is  intended  to  absorb  the  moisture  and  thus  to 
produce  a  cool  and  even  temperature  inside  the  jar,  and 


the  lime  is  to  prevent  mould.  These  jars  can  be  used 
again  from  year  to  year,  only  they  should  be  first 
soaked  in  strong  brine  and  then  whitewashed  inside, 
before  they  are  filled  again  with  grapes."  If  grapes 
will  keep  so  easily,  and  in  as  fine  condition  as  we  have 
seen  them  last  January  (1875),  these  jars  are  really  a 
valuable  novelty.  [We  have  none  of  these  jars  for  sale, 
nor  do  we  know  where  they  can  be  obtained,  except, 
perhaps,  from  the  manulacturer.] 

The  best  mode  of  preserving  the  delicious  juice  of  the 
grape,  with  its  delightfully  nutritious  constituents,  in 
a  concentrated  and  almost  imperishable  form,  is  by 

WINE   MAKING. 

"  Wine  is  like  rain— tailing  on  duty  ground,  it  augments  dirt  j 
—on  good  soil,  it  becomes  a  blessing."— Mirza  Shaffy. 

We  have  been  urged  to  embody  in  this  Manual  a 
chapter  upon  this  subject,  and  we  intended  to  do  so, 
but  the  very  attempt  to  write  it  only  proved  to  us  most 
conclusively,  that  it  is  impossible  to  furnish,  within 
the  limited  scope  of  this  Catalogue,  anything  that 
would  be  valuable,  either  as  a  guide  to  the  inexperi- 
enced, or  as  a  vade  mecum  to  the  wine-maker. 

The  intelligent  farmer  and  amateur  grape  grower 
who  desires  to  transform  his  surplus  fruit  into  that  in- 
nocent, health-giving  beverage,  "Wine,"  we  refer  to 
RemeUri>s  Wine  Makers  Manual,  and  Husmann's  Grapes 
and  Wine.  The  professional,  experienced  vintner  will 
not  look  to  this  little  Manual  for  information,  and  those 
grape  growers  who  desire  to  make  wine  on  a  large 
scale ,  without  possessing  themselves  sufficient  knowl- 
edge for  doing  it  —we  can  only  advise  to  engage  some 
experienced  man  who  knows  how  to  treat  wines;  and 
there  are  already  plenty  of  them  in  this  country.  It 
need  not  be  a  Professor  of  Chemistry,  who  may  only 
adulterate  the  wines  by  his  scientific  manipulations;  on 
the  contrary,  we  would  prefer  a  plain  "  wine  cooper," 
one  wlio  is  used  to  attend  to  wines  himself  from  his 
youth,  to  watch  them  with  the  care  and  cheerfulness  of 
a  mother  to  her  infant,  and  who  will  not  permit  your 
wines  to  leave  his  nursing  hands  before  they  are  and 
ivill  keep  clear  and  perfect,  racking  off  and  filling  up 
whenever  required,  and  keeping  not  merely  your  casks 
and  bottles,  but  every  part  and  corner  of  your  cellars 
most  admirably  clean. 

If  you  should  say  that  you  cannot  afford  to  keep  such 
a  man,  then,  we  say,  you  cannot  afford  to  build  cellars 
either;  and  you  would  do  best  to  associate  for  the  pur- 
pose with  one  or  more  ol  your  neighbor  grape  growers. 
But  if  you  have  your  own  cellars  and  plenty  of  grapes, 
you  can  certainly  afford  to  pay  such  a  man,  and  to  pay 
him  well,  at  least  until  you  or  your  sons  have  learned 
from  him. 

Then  only  shall  we  be  able  to  produce  the  Txst,  to  es- 
tablish a  reputation  for  American  wines  equal  to  those 
of  Europe,  and  to  compete  with  them;  then  only  shall 
we  be  able  to  provide  for  ourselves  and  lor  the  people 
of  this  continent,  that  healthy  and  delicious  beverage, 
known  lor  all  times  to  be  the  promoter  of  civilization; 
excessive  whisky  drinking  will  gradually  vanish;  our 
national  temperament  will  be  more  joyous  and  happy, 
and  grape  growing  permanently  profitable. 


DESCRIPTIVE   CATALOGUE. 


NOTE  TO  THE  READER.— The  following  descriptions  of  our  American  varieties  are  probably  the  most  complete 
that  have  so  far  appeared;  but  all  description  by  words  must  necessarily  be  inadequate,  and  even  figures  are 
but  insufficient  aids .  It  is  only  by  familiarizing  oneself  with  the  characteristics  of  the  species  to  which  each  variety 
respectively  belongs,  that  these  descriptions  become  thoroughly  intelligible;  we  have,  therefore,  coupled  with 
each  variety  the  species  to  which  it  seems  most  closely  allied,  or  from  which  it  originated.  First  is  given  the 
standard  name  in  Full-face  type;  then  the  synonyms  in  SMALL  CAPITALS,  then  the  species  in  Italics,  abbreviating 
them  thus:  ( Cord,)  for  Cordifolia  or  rather  Riparia;  (Ldbr .)  for  Labrusca,  and  C^Est)  for  iEstivalis.  (see  pages  6 
to  10). 

The  descriptions  of  varieties  which  are  discarded,  and  not  propagated  by  us,  also  of  new  varieties  which 
are  not  yet  disseminated,  are  printed  in  smaller  type.  The  descriptions  of  the  more  important  varieties, 
printed  in  larger  type,  contain  notes  on  their  roots  and  woodgrmvth,  given  for  the  first  time,  and  based  on  our 
observations  only.  Under  different  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  and  other  circumstances,  they  might  vary 
somewhat.  In  speaking  of  the  canes  and  woodgrowth  we  refer  to  the  natural  habit  of  canes  of  thrifty,  healthy 
vines,  permitted  to  grow  in  a  natural  way,  unrestrained  by  pinching  or  training  to  a  given  system. 

Where  the  weight  of  must  is  recorded,  it  is  to  show  the  sugar  in  degrees  on  Oechsle's  scale,  and  the  acid  in 
mills  by  TwitchelPs  acidometer. 


Adirondac.  (Labr.)  Originated  at  Port 
Henry,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.;  (first  noticed  1852.) 
Probably  a  seedling  of  the  Isabella,  being  much 
like  it  in  growth  and  foliage.  Ripens  very  ear- 
ly— about  the  same  time  as  the  Hartford  Prolific. 
Bunch  large,  compact,  not  shouldered;  berry 
large,  oblong,  black,  covered  with  a  delicate 
bloom,  transparent,  with  a  tender  pulp;  thin 
skin;  juicy  and  vinous;  quality  best,  "when 
you  can  get  it."— "Unreliable." — "The  nearest 
approach  to  a  foreign  grape." — Husmann. 

Reports  not  generally  satisfactory.  A  slow, 
tender  grower.  Young  vines  have  mildewed, 
and  older  ones  need  protection.  Blooms  early, 
and  fruit  destroyed  by  late  frosts.  Roots  very 
weak  and  tender.  Wine,  agreeable  flavor,  low 
in  sugar  and  acid. 

Advance.  One  of  Mr.  Rickett's*  new  seedlings,  a 
cross  between  Clinton  and  Black  Hamburg.  "A  su- 
perior grape,  and,  as  a  whole,  perhaps  in  advance  of 
all  his  others.  The  berry  is  black,  with  a  slight  blue 
bloom,  roundish  oval;  lunch  large,  long  and  shouldered; 
flesh  too  good  to  describe,  except  pomologically,  and 
then  I  think  it  would  read  'best.'"—  F.  R.  Elliot,  N.  Y. 

Bunch,  large,  berry  medium,  thin  skin,  scarcely  any 
pulp;  sweet  and  very  sprightly— decidedly  the  best 
early  grape  we  have  yet  met  with.  Vine  healthy,  vig- 
orous and  productive,  but  the  fruit  rotted  badly  this 
season.  Fully  ripe  at  this  time,  July  30,  1874.— Sam. 
Miller,  Bluffton,  Mo. 

Alexander.  Syns:  CAPE,  BLACK  CAPE,  SCHUYL- 
KILL  MUSCADEL,  CONSTANTIA,  SPRINGMILL  CON- 
STANTIA,  CLIFTON'S  CONSTANTIA,  TASKER'S  GRAPE, 

*See  RicketVs  Seedling  Grapes. 


VEVAY,  WINNE,  ROTHROCK  of  Prince,  YORK  LIS- 
BON. (Labr.)  This  grape  was  first  discovered  by  Mr. 
Alexander,  gardener  to  Gov.  Penn,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia,  before  the  war  of  the 
revolution.  It  is  not  unfrequently  found,  as  a  seedling 
from  the  wild  Fox  Grape,  on  the  borders  of  our  woods. 
American  grape  culture  proper  began  with  the  planting 
of  this  variety,  at  the  beginning  of  our  century,  by  a 
Swiss  colony,  at  Vevay,  in  Switzerland  county,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Ohio  River,  forty -five  miles  below  Cincin- 
nati. It  was  for  some  time  supposed  to  be  the  famous 
grape  of  the  Constancia  colony,  on  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Whether  John  J.imes  Dufour,  the  respected 
leader  of  that  Swiss  colony,  shared  that  error,  or 
whether  he  deemed  it  necessary  to  leave  them  in  this 
error— while  he  had  the  sagacity  to  discover  that 
their  former  failures  (in  Jessamine  County,  Ky.,  1790 — 
1801)  were  caused  by  planting  foreign  grape  vines,  and 
intentionally  substituted  a  native  variety— we  do  not 
know;  certain  it  is  that  this  was  the  first  successful  at- 
tempt to  establish  vineyards  in  our  country.  A  very 
good  wine,  resembling  claret,  was  made  from  the  Cape, 
and  it  was  the  favorite  of  former  days,  until  it  was  dis- 
placed by  the  Catawba.  (The  White  Cape  is  similar  to 
above,  differing  only  in  its  color,  which  is  greenisL 
white.)  Downing  describes  it  as  follows:  *»  Bunches 
rather  compact,  not  shouldered;  berries  of  medium  size, 
oval ;  skin  thick ,  quite  black ;  flesh  with  a  very  firm 
pulp,  but  juicy;  makes  a  very  fair  wine,  but  is  quite 
too  pulpy  and  coarse  for  table  use,  though  quite  sweet 
and  musky  when  fully  ripe,  which  is  not  till  the  last  of 
October.  Leaves  much  more  downy  than  those  of  the 
Isabella."  W.  JR.  Prince,  In  his  Treatise  on  the  Vine, 
N.  Y.,  1830)  enumerates  eighty-eight  varieties  of  Amer- 
ican grapes,  but  "for  profit  can  only  recommend  the 
Catawba  and  the  Cape ;  one  tenth  of  the  latter  variety 
would  be  enough.  Of  the  two  recommended  above,  the 
Catawba  is  much  the  most  productive,  but  the  Cape  it 
leat  subject  to  rot.  Both  make  good  wines.7 ' 


34 


BTJSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


AGAWAM.     (Rogers7  Hybrid  No.  15.) 


Agawain.  (Rogers' Hybrid  No.  15.)  Raised 
by  E.  S.  Rogers,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  and  considered 
by  him  as  his  best  variety,  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Salem.  It  is  a  dark  red  or  maroon 
grape,  of  the  Hamburg  cross;  bunches  large, 
compact,  often  shouldered;  berries  very  large, 
roundish ;  skin  thick ;  pulp  soft ;  sweet,  spright- 
ly, of  peculiarly  aromatic  flavor,  and  a  little  of 
the  native  aroma ;  productive,  and  of  great  vigor 
of  growth;  roots  stout,  fleshy  and  moderately 


fibrous,  with  a  thick,  smooth  liber.  Canes  very 
stout,  moderately  long,  with  comparatively  few 
but  strong  laterals.  Wood  of  average  hardness, 
and  medium  sized  pith.  Buds  large  and  prom- 
inent. Ripens  soon  after  the  Concord.  Reports 
generally  satisfactory ;  succeeds  well.  In  some 
localities  it  has  been  subject  to  mildew  and  rot, 
and  Mr.  Husmann  says :  Its  strong  flavor  is  to 
me  far  from  agreeable.  The  character  of  the 
cluster  and  leaf  is  shown  in  above  figure. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Adelaide.  One  of  Jas.  H.  Rickett's  new  grapes; 
a  hybrid  between  Concord  and  Muscat  Hamburg.  It 
is  described  as  of  medium  size;  berry  of  oval  shape, 
black,  with  light  blue  bloom;  of  a  sweet  but  sprightly 
flavor;  purplish  red  flesh. 

A  let  ha.  A  seedling  of  Catawba,  originated  at  Ot- 
tawa, 111. ;  said  to  ripen  ten  days  in  advance  of  Hartford 
Prolific.  Described  in  Prairie  Farmer:  '  'Bunches  me- 
dium size,  stem  long;  "berries  hanging  rather  loosely; 
skin  thick,  color  dark  purple;  juice  nearly  black,  stain- 
ing the  hands  and  mouth.  Flesh  quite  pulpy,  with  a 
decided  foxy  aroma;  in  foxiness  and  astringency  it  is 
much  the  same  as  a  well  ripened  Isabella."  Said  to 
promise  well  as  a  wine  grape  for  northern  localities. 
Not  yet  disseminated,  which  is  not  to  be  regretted, 
judging  from  the  above  description. 

Albino.  Syn:  GARBER'S  ALBINO.  {Labr.}  liaised 
by  J.  B.  Garber,  Columbia,  Pa.,  (supposed  to  be  a 
seedling  of  Isabella.)  Bunch  small;  "berry  nearly  round, 
slightly  oval ;  yellowish  or  amber  color.  Flesh  acid ; 
tough;  too  late  for  the  north. —  Chas.  Downing. 

Allen's  Hybrid.  liaised  by  J.  F.  Allen, 
Salem,  Mass. ;  a  cross  between  the  Golden  Chas- 
selas  and  the  Isabella;  the  first  of  American  hy- 
brid grapes.  Ripens  early,  about  with  the  Con- 
cord. Bunches  large  and  long,  moderately 
compact;  berries  full  medium  to  large;  skin 
thin,  semi-transparent;  color  nearly  white, 
tinged  with  amber;  flesh  tender  and  delicate, 
without  pulp,  juicy  and  delicious ;  has  a  mild, 
muscat  flavor;  quality  best.  The  leaves  have 
a  peculiar  crumpled  appearance,  and  partly  for- 
eign character.  It  is  apt  to  mildew  and  rot, 
and  can  not  be  recommended  for  general  cul- 
ture, though  it  is  worthy  a  place  in  amateur 
collections. 

Alvey.  Syn:  HAGAR.  Introduced  by  Dr. 
Harvey,  of  Hagerstown,  Md.  Generally  classed 
with  ^Est.,  but  its  characteristics  point  to  a  dif- 
ferent species.  Its  erect  growth,  soft  and  short 
jointed  wood,  rooting  very  easily  from  cuttings ; 
its  roots  feeble,  and  incapable  of  resisting  the 
Phylloxera ;  the  exquisite  quality,  pure  vinous 
flavor — all  point  to  the  Vinifera,  and  force  us 
to  the  conclusion  that  Alvey  originated  from  an 
intermixture  ot"  Vinifera  and  JEstivalis,  crossed 
by  natural  hybridization.  Bunches  medium, 
loose,  shouldered ;  berries  small,  round,  black ; 
sweet,  juicy  and  vinous,  without  pulp ;  a  slow 
grower,  making  a  stout  short-jointed  wood; 
moderately  productive;  roots  medium  thick, 
more  inclined  to  the  wiry  character  of  the  JEst- 
ivalis  class,  with  a  medium  smooth  liber.  Canes 
remarkably  straight  and  upright,  gradually 
tapering,  and  not  inclined  to  ramble  like  most 
American  varieties.  Laterals  few  and  feeble; 
wood  rather  soft,  and  with  a  large  pith.  These 
characteristics,  together  with  its  thin  skin  and 


total  absence  of  pulp,  strongly  indicate  a  foreign 
character.  Excellent  in  quality,  and  makes 
one  of  the  best  red  wines,  but  is  apt  to  drop  its 
leaves  on  southern  slopes ;  seems  to  prefer  the 
deep  rich,  sandy  loam  of  our  northeastern  or 
even  northern  slopes.  Must  85° — 91°. 

Amanda.  (Labr.)  Description  in  our  former  edi- 
tion, copied  from  Catalogue  of  Bluffton  Wine  Co.,  (and 
Hort.  Annual,  1868)  totally  differs  from  the  fruit  which 
we  obtained  from  plants  of  same  source.  We  asked 
friend  Sam.  Miller,  at  Bluffton,  and  he  says  :  "It  is  a 
large  black,  thick-skinned,  hard-pulped  grape,  a  showy, 
but  vile  Fox."  This  corresponds  with  our  expe- 
rience, and  we  discard  it.  It  may  be  the  same  as  "Au- 
gust Pioneer." 

Amiiiia.  (Supposed  Rogers'  No.  39.)  In 
Fall  of  1867  we  tried  to  get  those  of  Kogers7  un- 
named hybrids,  which  we  had  not  yet  tested, 
and  aware  of  the  confusion  existing  as  to  their 
numbers,  we  obtained  a  few  of  each  No.  from 
different  sources  at  the  same  time.  Of  those 
which  we  planted  as  No.  39  three  survived,  but 
not  two  of  them  were  alike.  One  of  them 
proved  especially  valuable.  To  ascertain  if 
this  were  the  true  No.  39  we  addressed  Mr.  E. 
S.  Rogers,  to  let  us  have  a  plant  or  a  graft  of 
the  original  stock  of  his  No.  39,  but  were  in- 
formed that  the  original  stock  was  lost! 

One  of  our  vines  No.  39  proved  so  valuable, 
that  we  determined  to  propagate  it,  and  planted 
fifty  vines  thereof,  while  we  destroyed  the  other 
two.  From  the  commendation  given  to  No.  39 
at  the  quarter-centennial  session  of  the  Am. 
Pomol.  Society,  by  its  president,  the  Hon.  M.  P. 
"Wilder,  we  have  the  more  reason  to  suppose 
that  ours  is  the  true  No.  39 ;  but  to  avoid  con- 
fusion with  others  which  may  be  sent  out  by 
other  propagators,  under  this  number,  and 
which  may  or  may  not  be  the  same,  we  gave  ours 
the  name  Arninia.  Bunches  medium,  slightly 
shouldered,  moderately  compact,  more  even, 
and  better  on  an  average  than  Rogers'  grapes 
generally  make ;  berries  full  medium  to  large, 
dark  purple,  nearly  black,  with  a  fine  bloom. 
Flesh  melting,  with  but  little  pulp,  sweet  and 
of  fine  flavor,  ripening  very  early,  about  with 
the  Hartford  Prolific.  We  consider  it  one  of 
our  earliest  good  grapes.  Yine  moderately  vig- 
orous, quite  hardy,  productive.  Deserves  to  be 
extensively  cultivated  as  a  table  grape. 

Anna.  Seedling  of  Catawba,  raised  by  Eli  Has- 
brouck,  Newburg.  N.  Y.,  in  1852.  G.  W.  Campbell,  of 
Delaware,  Ohio,  describes  it  as  very  hardy  and  healthy 
and  of  a  moderate  growth.  Bunches  rather  loose,  of 
medium  size;  "berries  medium;  color  light  amber,  with 
small  dark  specks,  covered  with  thin,  white  bloom. 
Rather  pulpy.  Ripens  with  the  Catawba.— Not  worth 
planting  here;  unhealthy  and  feeble. 


36 


BUSHBEEGICATALOGUE. 


AUTUCHON. 

Autucbon.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  5.)  A 
Seedling  of  Clinton,  crossed  with  Golden  Chas- 
selas.  Leaves  dark  green,  very  deep  lobed  and 
sharp  pointed  serratures;  the  unripe  wood  is 
very  dark  purple,  nearly  black.  Bunches  very 
long,  not  heavily  shouldered,  rather  loose ;  ber- 
ries medium  size,  round,  white  (green),  with  a 
moderately  firm,  but  readily  melting  flesh,  and 
an  agreeable,  sprightly  flavor,  resembling  the 
White  Chasselas.  Skin  thin,  without  astrin- 
gency.  Ripens  with  the  Delaware.  Mr.  Sam. 
Miller,  the  originator  of  the  Martha,  bestowed 
the  following  high  encomium  upon  the  new 
grape  in  1869 : 

"  I  have  always  considered  Martha  the  best 
white  native  grape,  but  since  seeing  and  tasting 
the  Autuchon,  I  haul  down  my  colors,  //it  will 
ripen  like  this  in  Canada,  and  if  it  improves  by 
coming  here  like  Rogers'  and  other  Northern 


grapes,  then  it  seems  to  me,  we  have  all  that  can 
be  desired.  It  alone  is  a  treasure." 

It  is  well  that  friend  Miller  qualified  his  en- 
comium by  "ifs,"  for  the  Autuchon  did  not 
come  up  to  those  expectations ;  it  proved  tender 
and  unreliable,  in  the  West  at  least;  its  fruit 
subject  to  rot  and  mildew,  and  notwithstanding 
its  fine  qualities,  it  will  remain  but  an  amateur 
variety  and  cannot  be  recommended  for  profit- 
able culture  in  vineyards. 

We  append  an  illustration  which  gives  a 
truthful  view  of  the  bunch  as  grown  with  us, 
for  we  have  never  seen  any  so  large  as  repre- 
sented by  the  cut  used  in  our  former  edition, 
and  which  was  obtained  from  the  originator. 

Arnold's  Hybrids.*  See  Othello  (No.  1.) 
Cornucopia  (No.  2.)  Autuchon  (No.  5.)  Brant 
(No.  8.)  Canada  (No.  16.) 

Arrot.— (or  Arcott?)  (Lair.)  Philadelphia;  lunch, 
and  berries  medium,  white;  resembling  the  Cassady\n 
appearance,  but  not  as  good.  "  Sweet  and  good,  with 
a  thick  skin,  good  grower,  and  productive.''— Eus- 
mann. 

Augliwick.  (Cord.)  Introduced  by  "Wm.  A.  Fra- 
ker,  Shirleysburg,  Pa.  Bunches  shouldered,  similar  to 
Clinton;  lorries  larger  than  Clinton,  black,  juice  very 
dark,  of  spicy  flavor:  said  to  make  a  very  dark  red 
wine,  of  superior  quality,  and  to  be  entirely  free  from 
rot  or  mildew  ;  very  hardy  and  healthy.  We  found  it 
not  as  good  as  Clinton,  and  less  productive.  Should  be 
discarded. 

August  Pioneer.  (Lair.)  Origin  unknown  ;  one 
of  the  coarsest  of  native  sorts;  large/black,  with  a  firm, 
hard,  pulpy  flesh  ;  fit  only  for  stewing.  Middle  of  Au- 
gust.— Downing. 

Baldwin  Lenoir.  (JEst.)  Originated  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.;  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Lenoir;  lunch 
small,  rather  loose;  lerries  small,  quite  dark,  almost 
black;  flesh  somewhat  rough,  acid,  brisk.  Reported 
the  richest  in  grape  sugar  of  26  varieties  tested  by  the 
chemist  of  the  Agr.  Department  at  Washington.  In 
foliage  and  habit  of  growth,  it  is  much  like  Lincoln. 

Barnes'.  (Lair.)  Originated  with  Parker  Barnes, 
Boston,  Mass.  Bunches  shouldered;  lerries  medium, 
oval,  black,  sweet  and  good ;  nearly  as  early  as  Hart- 
ford.— Strong.  We  have  not  seen  the  grape. 


*Mr.  Charles  Arnold,  of  Paris,  Canada,  has  been  very 
successful  in  his  experiments  in  hybridizing  the  native 
Clinton  with  the  pollen  of  foreign  varieties  His  peedlings 
seem  to  be  of  decided  promise.  The  Committee  of  the  Paris 
Horticultural  Society  say  in  their  report:  "  We  flnd  the  most 
prominent  characteristics  of  them  as  a  class  are  :  fir>t,  per- 
fect bardinebs  and  vigorous  growth;  second,  early  riptmng 
both  ot  the  fruit  and  wood,  and  as  vet  remarkable  freedom 
from  diseas- ,  with  large,  handsome  foliage  of  a  very  distinct 
character  and  not  woolly ;  bunches  large  on  the  average;  the 
berries  larger  than  medium;  skin  thin,  and  in  all  the  num- 
bt-rs  we  tested,  free  from  pulp,  and  with  a  full,  pleasant, 
sprightly  flavor;  our  judgment  \»  ing  based  not  on  a  cursory 
examination,  but  from  having  known  them  for  the  last  two 
seasons." 


DESCRIPTION  OF  YAEIETIES. 


37 


Barry.  (Rogers'  No.  43.)  One  of  the  most 
attractive  of  his  Hybrids.  Bunch  large,  rather 
broad  and  compact;  berry  medium,  roundish; 
color  black  ;  flesh  tender,  of  a  sweet,  pleasant 
flavor;  skin  thin,  somewhat  astringent.  Vine 
as  vigorous,  healthy  and  hardy  as  any  one  of 
Rogers'  Hybrids.  Very  productive  and  early, 
earlier  than  the  Concord. 


Baxter.  (^&st.)  Bunch,  large,  and  long;  "berry  below 
medium,  black  ;  very  late  in  ripening,  hardy  and  pro- 
ductive; not  fit  for  table,  but  may  be  valuable  for  wine. 

—Blu/ton  Wine  Co. 

Belvidere.  (Lair.}  Originated  by  Dr.  Lake,  of 
Belvidere,  Ills.,  will  probably  be  a  valuable  market  va- 
riety, on  account  of  extreme  earliness,  large  size  and 
tine  appearance.  It  is  an  improvement  in  bunch  and 
berry  upon  Hartford  Prolific,  but  in  quality  is  not  much, 
if  any  better;  like  Hartford,  it  shows  a  tendency  to  fall 
from  the  bunch,  especially  if  a  little  over-ripe;  Being 
in  appearance  much  like  Hartford  Prolific,  only  said  to 
ripen  a  little  earlier,  a  description  is  unnecessary.  It 
is  said  to  be  of  very  vigorous  growth.,  perfectly  hardy 
and  healthy,  and  very  productive;  but  so  is  the  Hart- 
ford also,  and,  we  think,  we  have  more  than  enough 
in  one  variety  ot  such  poor  quality. 

Berks,  or  Lehigh.  (Labr.)  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered, compact;  lerry  large,  round,  red,  little  pulp, 
good  quality;  vine  vigorous  grower,  similar  to  Catawba, 
of  which  it  is  a  seedling,  and  perhaps  an  improvement 
in  size  and  quality;  but  also  more  subject  to  disease. 

Bird's  Kgrgf.  Probably  a  seedling  of  Catawba, 
somewhat  similar  to  Anna.  Bunch  long,  pointed;  lerry 
oval,  whitish,  with  brown  specks;  flesh  pulpy;  only 
good,  curiosity.  —  Downing. 

Black  Defiance.  (Underbill's  8-8)  A  splen- 
did, late  table  grape,  about  the  best  black  table 
grape  we  have,  with  us  more  desirable  than 
Senasqua.  If  we  are  rightly  informed,  it  is  a 
cross  between  Black  St.  Peters  and  Concord. 
Bunch  and  berries  large,  above  Concord  in  size  ; 
black,  with  a  fine  bloom  ;  three  weeks  later  than 
Concord,  and  much  better  in  quality. 

Black  Eagle.  (Underbill's  8-12.)  A  Hy- 
brid of  Labr.  and  Vinifera.  A  new,  early  table 
grape,  of  best  quality,  not  much  earlier  than 
Concord,  but  far  superior  to  that  variety  in  qual- 
ity. The  leaf  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  we 
know  of,  very  firm,  dark  green,  deeply  lobed, 
of  the  shape  of  the  foreign. 

The  vine  is  of  very  erect  and  vigorous 
growth,  hardy  and  healthy,  so  far  free  from  mil- 
dew and  rot  ;  roots  straight  and  smooth,  almost 
tough,  with  a  medium  fiber;  canes  remarkably 
straight  and  upright,  with  numerous,  but  small 
laterals  ;  wood  firm  with  medium  pith  ;  bunch 
large,  moderately  compact;  berries  large,  oval, 
black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  rich  and  melting, 


with  little  pulp.  With  Mr.  Underhill  the  fruit 
set  imperfectly,  but  it  did  not  show  that  fault 
here,  and  must  have  been  due  to  unfavorable 
weather  during  its  floresence  at  Croton  Point. 
We  consider  it  one  of  the  most  promising  va- 
rieties. We  give  on  the  following  page  a  full 
size  figure  of  its  bunch  and  leaf,  originally  made 
for  Downing. 

Black  Hawk.  A  seedling  from  the  Con- 
cord, raised  by  Samuel  Miller.  "  Bunch  large, 
rather  loose ;  berry  large,  black,  round,  juicy, 
sweet;  pulp  very  tender;  ripens  full  as  early  as 
the  Concord,  is  superior  in  quality,  and  seems 
to  be  healthy  and  hardy." — George  Husmann. 
We  find  it  a  week  earlier  than  Concord.  It  has 
the  remarkable  peculiarity  that  its  leaf  is  so  dark 
a  green  as  to  appear  almost  black. 

Bland,  (Labr.  f )  Syn.  ELAND'S  VIRGINIA, 
ELAND'S  MADEIRA,  ELAND'S  PALE  RED,  POWELL. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  found  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Virginia,  by  Col.  Bland,  of  that  State,  who  presented 
scions  to  Mr.  Bartram,  the  botanist,  by  whom  it  was 
first  cultivated.  Bunches  rather  long,  loose,  and  often 
with  small,  imperfect  berries  ;  berries  round,  on  long 
stalks,  hanging  rather  thinly ;  skin  thin ,  at  first  pale 
green,  but  pale  red  when  ripe;  flesh  slightly  pulpy,  of 
a  pleasant,  sprightly  delicate  flavor,  and  with  little  or 
no  musk  seen-,  but  a  slight  astringency;  ripens  late; 
foliage  lighter  green  than  that  of  Catawba,  smoother 
and  more  delicate.  This  vine  is  quite  diflicult  of  pro- 
pagation by  cuttings.  The  above  description  of  this  old 
variety,  is  from  Downing' s  "  Fruits  of  America."  The 
Bland  did  not  succeed  or  ripen  well  in  the  North,  and 
has  been  lost  and  abandoned  South,  but  we  still  recog- 
nize in  it  the  type  of  some  of  our  present  varieties. 

Black  King:.  (Labr.')  A  hardy  and  vigorous  early 
grape,  of  medium  size;  sweet  but  foxy. — Strong. 

Blood's  Black.  (Labr.)  Bunch  medium, 
compact;  berry  medium,  round,  black,  some- 
what harsh  and  foxy,  but  sweet.  Very  early 
and  productive,  and  therefore  valuable  for  early 
marketing.  (Resembling  Mary  Ann,  and  has 
often  been  confounded  with  it. 

Blue  Dyer.  (Cord.)  Bunch  medium;  ber- 
ries small,  black,  very  dark  juice,  promises  well 
for  wine. — Husmdnn. 

Blue  Favorite.  A  Southern  grape.  Vine  vigor- 
ous, productive;  bunch  above  medium;  berries  medium, 
round,  blue-black,  sweet,  vinous;  much  coloring  mat- 
ter; ripe  South  in  September;  (does  not  ripen  well 
North,)  said  to  be  esteemed  for  wine  making. — Dmoning. 

Blue  Imperial.  (Labr.)  Origin  uncertain.  Vine 
vigorous,  free  from  mildew,  not  productive.  Bunches 
medium,  short;  berry  large,  round,  black;  flesh  with  a 
hard  acid  centre  or  pulp ;  ripens  with  Hartford .  Infe- 
rior .  — Downing. 


38 


BUSHBEKG  CATALOGUE. 


BLACK  EAGLE.    (Underbill's  8-12.) 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Brant.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  8.) 
Seedling  of  Clinton  crossed  with  Black 
St.  Peters.  The  young  leaves  and  shoots 
dark  blood  red ;  leaves  very  deeply  lobed, 
smooth  on  both  sides.  Bunch  and  berry 
resembling  the  Clinton  in  appearance,  but 
greatly  superior  in  flavor  when  perfectly 
ripe;  skin  thin,  free  from  pulp,  all  juice, 
sweet  and  vinous ;  seeds  small  and  few 
(1-3)  :  perfectly  hardy ;  vine  strong, 
healthy  grower.  A  very  early  and  desir- 
able grape;  in  fact  the  earliest  of  all,  with 
us,  arid  it  would  be  the  most  profitable  if 
the  birds  would  not  destroy  the  bunches 
as  soon  as  they  ripen.  For  localities 
where  grapes  ripen  later  than  with  us, 
and  where  birds  are  less  destructive,  it  is 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  grape  growers. 

Brighton.  (Lair.)  An  excellent  new  grape, 
raised  by  H.  E.  Hooker,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Bunch  large  and  beautifully  formed,  compact, 
shouldered;  berries  above  medium  to  large,  round, 
of  a  Catawba  color;  quality  and  flavor  very  su- 
perior. Should  the  vine  prove  hardy,  healthy 
and  productive,  it  will  be  a  valuable  addition  to 
our  list  of  grapes.  We  have  been  favored  with 
it  by  the  originator  for  testing  here,  but  are  not 
allowed  to  disseminate  the  same  for  the  present. 

Burroughs'.  (Cord.)  From  Vermont.  Vine 
allied  to  the  Clinton.  Bunch  small;  lerry  round, 
black,  thick  bloom;  flesh  harsh,  acid,  austere. — 
Downing. 

Burton's  Early.  (Lair.)  A  large,  early, 
poor  Fox  grape .  Unworthy  culture .  —  Downing. 

Bottsi.    (^st.)    The  local  name  for  a  very 
remarkable  grape ,  grown  in  the  yard  of  a  gen- 
tleman of  that  name,  in  Natchez,  Miss.    It  is 
said  to  throw  all  other  grapes  ever  grown  there 
(including    the    Jacquez),   completely    in    the 
background ,  and  is  claimed  to  be  the  true  Herbe- 
mont  brought  some  fifty  years  ago  from  S.  C.    It 
differs  from  our  Herbemont  in  color,  being  of  a  light 
pink  in  the  shade,  a  dark  pink  in  the  full  sun.    It  may, 
perhaps,  be  the  same  grape  of  which  mention  is  made 
under  "Pauline."    The  impartial,  trustworthy  testi- 
mony of  Mr.  H.  Y.  Child,  an  amateur  horticulturalist, 
as  to  its  excellent  quality  and  rapid  growth,  enormous 
fruitfulness  and  freedom  from  rot,  made  us  procure 
and  plant  some  wood  of  this  variety,  and,  if  it  succeeds 
with  us,  we  shall  consider  it  as  a  valuable  addition  to 
that  long  neglected  but  most  important  class  of  Ameri- 
can vines,  and  shall  disseminate  it  among  southern 
grape-growers. 

Cambridge.  (Labr.)  A  new  grape,  origi- 
nated in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Francis  Houghton, 
Cambridge,  Mass,  and  now  introduced  by  Mess. 
Hovey  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  as  "of  the  highest 
merit."  They  describe  it  as  follows:  "  It  is  a 
black  grape,  somewhat  resembling  Concord, 
but  with  more  oval  berries.  Bunches  large  and 


BRANT. 

shouldered;  berries  large,  with  a  very  thin  skin, 
covered  with  a  delicate  bloom,  and  adhering 
firmly  to  the  bunch;  flesh  rich,  brisk  and  re- 
freshing; without  pulp,  and  more  nearly  ap 
proaching  the  Adirondac  in  quality  than  any 
other  native  grape.  Period  of  ripening  a  few 
days  before  the  Concord.  The  vine  has  the  lux 
uriance  of  growth  and  handsome  foliage  of  the 
Concord,  while  it  is  quite  as  hardy,  if  not 
hardier  than  that  grape.  It  is  entirely  free  from 
mildew.  The  Cambridge  which  we  now  de- 
scribe (say  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.),  we  can  quite 
as  fully  endorse  as  we  did  the  Concord,  just 
twenty  years  ago,  (1854)  and  we  do  not  doubt 
it  will  attain  an  equal,  if  not  a  higher  rank  than 
that  variety." 

Camden.      (Lair.)     Bunch    medium;    lerry    large, 
greenish  white;  flesh  with  a  hard  centre;  acid;  poor. 


40 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


CANADA. 

Canada.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  16.)  Raised 
from  seed  of  Clinton,  crossed  with  pollen  of 
Black  St.  Peters.  Resembles  the  Brant  (No.  3) 
in  appearance,  but  has  a  larger  berry  and 
also  ripens  later.  It  is  justly  praised  for 
its  rich  aromatic  flavor  and  delightful  bou- 
quet by  all  who  taste  it.  Bunch  and  berry 
above  medium;  color  black,  with  a  fine  bloom; 
skin  thin,  free  from  all  harshness  and  the  acid- 
ity common  to  other  native  grapes.  A  moderate 
grower,  with  peculiar  foliage;  hardy,  and  ma- 
tures its  wood  well.  Will  prove  valuable  for 
wine. 

Caiiby's  August.    See  York  Maderia. 

Catawba.  Syn.  RED  MUNCY,  CATAWBA 
TOKAY,  SINGLETON.  (Labr.}  This  old  and  well- 
known  variety  is  a  native  of  North  Carolina, 
and  has  its  name  from  the  Catawba  river  where 


it  was  found,  and  introduced  to  notice  fifty 
years  ago,  by  Major  John  Adlum,  of  George- 
town, D.  C.  It  has  been  for  many  years  the 
standard  wine  grape  of  the  country,  and  thou- 
sands of  acres  have  been  planted  with  it ;  but 
owing  to  its  uncertainty,  on  account  of  the  rot, 
mildew  and  blight,  and  its  too  late  ripening  in 
the  Eastern  and  Northern  States,  (in  Oct.)  it  is 
now  in  many  sections  being  discarded  and  other 
more  reliable  kinds  are  planted  instead.  In  lo- 
calities where  it  will  fully  mature,  and  where  it 
seems  less  subject  to  disease,  there  are  very,  few 
better  varieties. 

We  are  now  convinced  that  the  Phylloxera  is 
the  main  cause  of  its  diseases.  Wherever  ex- 
amined the  rootlets  of  the  Catawba  were  found 
either  covered  with  lice,  producing  those  now 
well-known  nodosities,  or  already  dead.  Its 
roots  are  evidently  not  capable  of  resisting 
Phylloxera,  and  yet,  unlike  European  varieties, 
they  make  new  roots,  and  in  favorable  seasons 
resume  their  former  vigor  for  one  summer,  un- 
til they  are  sapped  again  at  the  foundation. 

In  Missouri  it  did  better  in  1868  and  1874  than 
since  1857,  owing  probably  to  the  character  of 
the  seasons,  and  comparative  immunity  from 
Phylloxera.  Bunch  large,  moderately  compact, 
shouldered;  berries  above  medium,  round,  deep 
red,  covered  with  lilac  bloom.  Skin  moderately 
thick ;  flesh  slightly  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  with  a 
rich,  vinous  and  somewhat  musky  flavor.  Vine 
a  vigorous  grower ;  in  favorable  seasons  and  lo- 
calities very  productive.  Clay  shale  soil,  also 
gravelly  or  sandy  soils  seem  best  adapted. 
Roots  light  in  comparison  to  the  naturally  strong 
growth  of  the  vine,  when  in  a  perfectly  healthy 
state,  with  a  texture  below  average  hardness ; 
thick  liber,  and  not  inclined  to  push  young  fi- 
bers as  rapidly  as  other  varieties ;  canes  straight 
and  long,  with  few  laterals ;  wood  of  average 
hardness,  with  a  pith  a  little  more  than  the  av- 
erage size.  Must  ranged  from  86°  to  91°  by 
CEchsle's  scale;  by  Twitchell's  scale,  2.02  Ibs. 
sugar  per  gallon  of  must',  acid  12  to  13;  atHam- 
mondport,  at  an  examination  conducted  under 
the  auspices  of  several  prominent  pomologists, 
Oct.  12,  1870,  only  7.29  per  mill. 

The  Catawba  has  quite  a  number  of  SEED- 
LINGS ;  of  Tona  and  Diana,  its  two  best,  and  of 
Aletha,  Anna,  Hine,  Mottled,  &c.,  we  give  de- 
scriptions in  their  alphabetic  order;  but  some 
are  actually  the  same  as  Catawba,  and  only 
pretended  seedlings,  to  sell  under  a  new  name ; 
others  are  so  nearly  identical  as  not  to  require 
description.  To  this  class  belong : 
Fancher,  claimed  to  be  an  early  Catawba, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


41 


Kellers'  White, 
Meads'  Seedling, 
Merceron, 

Mammoth  Catawba  of  Hermann,  very  large  in 
bunch  and  berry,  but  otherwise  inferior 
to  the  parent, 
Omega,  exhibited  in  1867  at  Indiana  State  Fair 

not  heard  of  since, 
Saratoga,  the  same  as  Fancher, 
Tekoma,  a  Missouri  seedling  of  Cataivba,  said 

to  be  more  healthy, 

White  Catawba,  raised  by  Mr.  John  E.  Mottier 
and  abandoned  by  himself  as  inferior  to 
its  parent. 

Ca.ssa.dy.  (Labr.}  Originated  in  the  yard  of 
H.P.  Cassady,  Philadelphia,  as  a  chance  seed- 
ling. Bunch  medium,  very  compact,  sometimes 
shouldered;  berry  medium,  round,  pale  green, 
covered  with  white  bloom ;  when  very  ripe  its 
color  changes  to  light  yellow ;  skin  thick  and 
leathery,  pulpy,  but  with  a  peculiar  honeyed 
sweetness  which  no  other  grape  possesses  in  the 
same  degree.  Ripens  with  the  Catawba.  Yine 
a  moderate  grower,  a  true  Labrusca  in  habit 
and  foliage ;  immensely  productive— so  much  so 
that  nearly  every  fruit  bud  will  push  several 
branches,  with  from  three  to  five  bunches  each. 
But  after  thus  over-bearing  it  becomes  exhausted 
for  several  seasons,  the  leaves  drop  prematurely 
and  the  fruit  will  not  ripen.  Its  root,  like  that 
of  the  Catawba,  is  feeble  and  not  sufficiently  re- 
sistive to  Phylloxera. 

This  grape  will  flourish  best  on  a  north-east- 
ern or  northern  exposure,  and  wherever  the 
Catawba  succeeds,  we  can  safely  recommend  a 
trial  with  the  Cassady.  Perhaps,  also,  for  sandy 
river  bottoms. 

Specific  gravity  of  must,  8§°  to  96°.  Wine  of 
a  beautiful  golden  color,  of  a  good  body  and  de- 
lightful aroma.  The  "Arrott "  resembles  this 
grape  very  much,  but  is  not  as  good. 

Catawissa,  See  Creveling. 

Challenge.  Supposed  cross  between  Con- 
cord and  Royal  Muscadine,  grown  by  Rev. 
Asher  Moore,  N.  J.  Very  early;  short,  com- 
pact bunches,  shouldered ;  large,  round  berries, 
pale  red,  with  flesh  slightly  pulpy ;  very  sweet 
and  juicy.  Extra  hardy  wood  and  leaf;  prolific 
and  promising:  said  to  be  an  excellent  dessert 
wine  and  raisin  grape. 

Champion,  or  Early  Champion.  A  new,  extra 
early  grape,  and  according  to  Dr.  Swasey's  testimony , 
(Am.  Pom.  Soc.  1873,  page  66,)  one  of  the  best  in  culti- 
vation. It  originated  in  New  Orleans,  and  has  been 
sent  out  for  the  first  time  in  1873  (by  Mr.  A.  W.  Round- 
tree).  Bunch  medium;  lerry  also,  black,  with  a  hand- 


some bloom,  slightly  oval  in  shape;  thin  skinned;  soft 
and  melting  pulp;  sweet  and  pleasant  taste,  somewhat 
between  Ives  and  Concord;  seeds  small,  2  to  4  usually, 
in  a  berry.  Ripens  ten  to  fifteen  days  earlier  than 
Hartford  Prolific,  and  shows  admirable  shipping  quali- 
ties. Vine  a  most  vigorous  grower;  foliage  heavy  and 
healthy,  resembling  Ives.  We  shall  try  to  obtain  this 
new,  extraordinary  grape,  for  testing  as  to  its  adapta- 
bility to  our  latitude  &c.,  and  for  others. 

The  Tolman* s  seedling  is  said  to  have  alse  been  sent 
out  by  some  dealers  under  the  name  of  Champion*  as  a 
new  and  valuable  variety,  but  if  «o,  such  abuse  cannot 
establish  a  name. 

Charlotte.    Identical  with  Diana. 

Charter  Oak.  (Labr.)  A  very  large,  coarse,  na- 
tive Fox  grape,  quite  worthless,  except  for  size,  which 
makes  its  appearance  as  attractive  as  its  musky  flavor 
is  repulsive. 

Claret.  (?)  A  seedling  of  Chas.  Carpenter,  Kelly 
Island,  O.  Bunch  and  'berry  medium;  claret  red;  acid; 
vine  vigorous;  not  valuable.— Downing. 

Clara.  Supposed 
to  be  from  foreign 
seed.  A  white  (or 
pale  amber)  grape, 
very  fine  for  the  ta- 
ble; somewhat  like 
Allen's  Hybrid. 
Bunch  long,  loose; 
betry  medium  round, 
yellowish  green, 
transparent,  without 
pulp,  sweet  and  deli- 
cious; but  very  un- 
certain .  Rather  ten- 
der, and  requires 
protection  in  the 
winter.  Not  worthy 
of  general  cultiva- 
tion, and  since  we 
have  so  many  supe- 
rior varieties  scarcely 
entitled  to  a  place  in 
amateur  collections. 
Nevertheless  we  hear 
it  praised  in  France 
as  one  of  the  Ameri- 
can varieties  doing 
remarkably  well 
there,  being  vigorous 
and  productive,  ap- 
parently insect-proof 
CLARA.  in  the  midst  of  badly 

infected  vines.  (In  the  vineyard  of  M.  Borty,  at  Roque- 
mare.)  We  are  inclined  to  believe  the  name  is  incor- 
rect. The  above  figure  of  the  Clara  grape  is  reduced  to 
one-fourth  of  natural  size,  (one -half  diameter). 

Clover  Street  Black.  A  Hybrid  raised  by  Jacob 
Moore,  from  Diana,  crossed  by  Black  Hamburg. 
Bunches  large,  compact,  shouldered;  terries  large, 
roundish,  black,  with  a  dark  violet  bloom;  flesh  tender, 
sweet;  vine  moderately  vigorous;  ripens  with  Concord. 
— Hovey's  Mag. 


42 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


Clover  Street  Red.  Same  origin  as  the  preced- 
ing. Bunches  larger  than  the  Diana,  loose,  occasionally 
with  a  similar  long  stalk  or  shoulder  appended  to  the 
top;  berries  large,  roundish  oval,  crimson  when  fully 
ripe,  with  a  slight  Diana  flavor;  vine  a  strong  grower; 
ripens  with  Diana. — Hovey's  Mag. 

Clinton.  Syn.  WORTHINGTON.  (Cord.) 
Strong  says  that  in  the  year  1821,  Hon.  Hugh 
White,  then  in  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  planted 
a  seedling  vine  in  the  grounds  of  Prof.  Noyes, 
on  College  Hill,  which  is  still  remaining,  and 
is  the  original  Clinton.  Bunches  medium  or 
small,  compact,  not  shouldered;  berry  round, 
below  medium  size,  black,  with  a  blufe  bloom; 
skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  juicy,  with  little  pulp, 
brisk  and  vinous ;  somewhat  acid ;  sweeter  the 
further  south  it  grows ;  colors  early,  but  should 
hang  late  (until  after  the  first  frost)  to  become 
thoroughly  ripe.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  produc- 
tive ;  healthy,  but  an  exceedingly  rank,  strag- 
gling grower,  and  one  of  the  hardest  vines  to 
keep  under  control ;  it  requires  a  good  deal  of 
room  and  spur  pruning  on  old  wood  to  bring 
forth  its  best  results.  Being  one  of  the  first  to 
bloom  in  spring,  it  suffers  sometimes  from  late 
frosts. 

"The  best  poor  land  grape  that  is  known." 

— Cannon,  of  North  Carolina. 

The  leaf  of  the  Clinton  is  in  some  seasons 
quite  infested  by  the  gall-louse,  (the  Gallcecola 
form  of  the  Phylloxera)  but  its  root  enjoys  a  re- 
markable immunity  from  the  puncture  of  this 
dreaded  insect.  The  root-lice  are  found  thereon 
but  usually  in  small  numbers,  and  the  vine  does 
not  in  the  least  suffer  therefrom,  while  European 
vines  by  their  side  are  quite  destroyed. 

Roots  thin  and  wiry,  but  very  tough,  with  a 
hard,  smooth  liber,  rapidly  forming  new  fibers, 
or  spongioles,  and  though  much  infested  by  the 
Phylloxera,  the  insect  seems  to  have  little  effect 
on  the  hard  texture  of  the  main  roots.  Canes 
rather  slender,  but  long  and  rambling,  with  a 
full  complement  of  laterals  and  strong  tendrils. 
Wood  rather  soft  and  with  a  large  pith. 

Makes  a  fair,  dark  red  wine,  of  somewhat  dis- 
agreeable taste,  resembling  claret,  which  im- 
proves with  age;  must,  98°  to  98°  and  sometimes 
exceeding  100°. 

Columbia.  This  grape  is  said  to  have  been  found 
by  Mr.  Adlum  on  his  farm  at  Georgetown,  D.  C.  A 
vigorous  grower,  productive;  lunch  small,  compact; 
lerry  small,  black,  with  a  thin  bloom,  with  very  little 
hardness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp,  not  high  flavored,  but 
pleasant  and  vinous;  ripe  last  of  September. — Downing. 

Concord.  (Labr.}  Popularly  known  as 
"the  grape  for  the  million;"  originated  with 
E.  W.  Bull,  Concord,  Massachusetts.  Bunch 


large,  shouldered,  rather  compact ;  berries  large, 
globular,  black,  thickly  covered  with  a  beauti- 
ful blue  bloom ;  skin  thin,  cracks  easy ;  flesh 
sweet,  pulpy,  tender;  colors  about  two  weeks 
before  the  Catawba,  but  should  be  allowed  to 
hang  late,  to  develop  all  its  excellence.  Roots 
numerous,  stout,  above  average  hardness  in 
texture,  with  medium  liber,  readily  pushing 
new  fibers  under  the  attacks  of  Phylloxera.  One 
of  the  best  resistants  among  the  Labrusca  class, 
and  valuable  on  this  account  as  a  stock  to  graft 
upon.  Canes  of  average  thickness,  long,  ramb- 
ling, with  numerous  and  well  developed  lat- 
erals. Wood  of  medium  hardness  and  pith. 
Vines  very  strong,  rampant  growers;  coarse, 
strong  foliage,  dark  green  above,  rusty  beneath; 
proved  very  hardy  and  healthy,  and  is  im- 
mensely productive.  In  some  localities,  how- 
ever, often  subject  to  rot  on  old  vines.  Its 
beautiful  appearance  makes  it  one  of  the  most 
attractive  market  grapes,  and  although  its  qual- 
ity is  not  first  rate,  the  popular  taste  has  become 
so  used  to  this  variety  that  it  sells  better  than 
superior  grapes  of  less  attractive  appearance. 
More  vines  of  this  variety  were  planted  during 
the  last  decade  than  of  all  other  varieties  to- 
gether. 

The  Concord  makes  a  light  red  wine,  which  is 
effectually  becoming  the  laboring  man's  drink; 
can  be  produced  cheap  enough,  is  very  palata- 
ble, and  has  a  peculiar  refreshing  effect  upon  the 
system.  A  white  wine  may  also  be  made  of  it 
by  pressing  the  grapes  without  mashing  them. 
Specific  gravity  of  must  about  70°. 

The  hardiness,  productiveness  and  popularity 
of  the  Concord  induced  many  attempts  to  raise 
seedlings  therefrom,  with  a  view  to  further  im- 
provements, but  so  far  with  no  marked  success. 
A  few  have  been  named,  but  remain  almost  un- 
known, except  to  their  originators,  and  are 
probably  not  sufficiently  distinct,  nor  superior 
to  their  parent. 

The  Black  Hawk  and  Cottage  are  only  earlier. 

The  Main  grape  was  claimed  to  be  earlier, 
but  proved  to  be  a  Concord  only  under  another 
name. 

The  Modena,  raised  by  A.  J.  Caywood,  of 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

The  Paxton,  by  F.  F.  Merceron,  of  Catawissa, 
Pa. 

Warden's  Seedling,  by  S.  Worden,  Minetta, 
N.  Y. 

Young  America,  by  Sam.  Miller,  of  Bluftlon, 
Mo.,  quite  resemble  Concord.  They  are  not 
propagated. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  YAK1ETIES. 


43 


By  these  experiments  it  was  found  that  the 
Concord  shows  a  strong  tendency  to  produce 
white  seedlings,  of  which  Martha  was  the  earli- 
est, and  became  one  of  the  leading  varieties. 

JEva  and  Macedonia,  both  raised  by  Sam. 
Miller  from  Concord  seed,  were  similar,  but  not 
superior  to  Martha,  and  therefore  abandoned 
by  him. 

Golden  Concord,  by  John  Yalle,  of  New 
Haven,  Mo.,  is  also  so  nearly  identical  with 
Martha  that  we  do  not  think  it  deserves  propa- 
gation a?  a  distinct  variety. 

F.  JS/Tuench,  F.  J.  Langendorfer,  J.  Balsiger 
and  many  others  have  raised  white  Concord 
seedlings ;  some  of  these  may  prove  far  superior 
to  Martha,  (one  especially,  Balsiger's  No.  32, 
has  hardly  any  foxiness  about  it ;  its  must  weigh- 
ing 84°,  was  ripe  on  the  15th  of  August  in  our 
latitude,  and  hanging  firmly  to  the  vine  in  good 
condition  till  October.)  If  on  longer  trial  any 
of  them  prove  so  superior,  then,  and  only  then, 
will  they  be  named  and  disseminated. 

The  Lady  (see  description,)  is  claimed  to  be 
an  improvement  on  the  Martha,  and  is  recom- 
mended as  such  by  good  authority. 

Greater  improvements,  however,  have  been 
achieved  by  hybridizing  the  Concord  with  Euro- 
pean varieties;  but  while  grapes  of  superior 
quality  were  thus  produced,  their  hardiness, 
health  and  productiveness  is  generally  doubted. 
(See  "  Hybrids,"  in  Manual.) 

Concord  Chasselas.  A  Concord  Hybrid 
from  Concord  seed ;  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of 
Delaware,  O.,  who  describes  it  as  follows: 

"Bunch  rather  long,  usually  shouldered, 
handsomely  compact,  without  being  crowded ; 
berries  large,  round;  skin  very  thin  but  tena- 
cious, and  semi-transparent ;  seeds  few  and  very 
small;  color,  when  fully  ripe,  a  rich  amber  with 
thin  white  bloom,  almost  identical  in  appear- 
ance with  the  foreign  Golden  Chasselas ;  flesh 
perfectly  tender  and  melting,  just  enough  vinous 
acid  to  prevent  cloying  the  most  delicate  palate. 
Wholly  free  from  any  vestige  of  foxiness,  and  a 
grape  that  will  satisfy  the  most  fastidious  taste, 
formed  upon  the  foreign  standard ;  ripens  same 
time  as  the  Concord.  The  vine  is  very  vigorous 
in  growth ;  large  foliage,  thick  and  abundant, 
resisting  mildew  in  fully  exposed  locations 
here,  as  well  as  the  Concord;  and  will  prob- 
bably  succeed  in  all  regions  where  the  Amer- 
ican grape  can  be  successfully  and  profitably 
grown. 


Cottage.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  of  the  Concord 
raised  by  E.  W.  Bull,  the  originator  of  that  va- 
riety. A  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with  re- 
markably large  and  leathery  leaves,  and  abund- 
ant, strong,  branching  roots ;  bunch  and  ber- 
ries about  the  size  of  Concord,  but  of  a  some- 
what darker  shade;  ripens  before  Concord; 
quality  better  than  the  parent,  with  less  of  the 
foxiness  peculiar  to  the  other.  Promises  well 
as  a  resistant  to  Phylloxera. 

Mr.  Bull  in  his  successful  efforts  to  improve  our  na- 
tive grapes,  began  by  sowing  the  seeds  of  a  wild  grape 
(V.  Labrusca),  from  which  he  raised  seedlings.  He 
then  sowed  the  seed  raised  from  these,  and  obtained 
others,  among  wbich  the  Concord.  He  then  raised  2000 
seedlings  before  he  got  any  that  surpassed  the  Concord. 
In  the  fourth  generation,  or  grandchildren  of  the  Con- 
cord, he  obtained  seedlings  far  superior  to  the  Concord 
and  nearly  equal  to  the  European  grape  (V.  Vinifera). 
There  seems  to  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that,  as  Mr. 
Bull  tninks,  the  wild  grape  can,  in  a  few  generations, 
be  made  equal  in  quality  to  the  European  vine. —  U.  S. 
Agr.  Report  for  1867. 

Cowan,  or  McCowan.  (Cord.)  Bunch  and  lerry 
medium;  black,  rather  harsh  and  austere.  Not  desira- 
ble.—j 


Creveling.  Syn.  CATAWISSA,  BLOOM,  CO- 
LUMBIA COUNTY.  (Labr. )  Pennsylvania. — 
Bunches  long,  loose  on  young  vines,  but  on  old 
ones  sometimes  as  compact  as  Concords ;  berries 
medium  to  large,  slightly  oval,  black,  with  blue 
bloom ;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  sweet;  quality 
best ;  ripens  early,  a  few  days  later  than  Hart- 
ford, and  before  Concord.  Vine  a  fair  grower, 
healthy  and  hardy ;  may  be  planted  6  by  6  feet 
apart,  on  northern  and  northeastern  hillsides. 
Roots  thick  and  warty,  and  comparatively  few ; 
texture  soft,  with  a  thick  liber,  forming  young 
fibers  rather  slowly ;  canes  long  and  rambling, 
slender,  long  jointed,  and  with  few  laterals; 
wood  soft,  of  a  reddish  color,  with  a  large  pith. 

In  all  these  characteristics  there  is  not  a  trace 
of  the  JEstivalis,  fop  which  class  some  would 
claim  the  Creveling. 

This  grape  was  for  a  time  rapidly  growing  in 
favor,  but  has  not  deserved  it,  as  it  is  often  very 
unproductive,  setting  its  fruit  imperfectly.  In 
favorable  seasons  and  on  good,  well  worked, 
tolerably  rich  soil,  it  gives  a  remunerative, 
early  and  delicious  table  fruit.  No  garden  or 
amateur  collection  should  be  without  it. 

Mr.  Husmann  says  it  makes  an  exquisite 
claret  wine,  intermediate  between  the  Concord 
and  Nortons  in  body,  and  superior  in  flavor  to 
either.  Must,  88°. 


44 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Concord  Muscat.  Also  grown  from 
Concord  seed,  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of 
Delaware.  O.,  who  gives  the  following  de- 
scription of  it:  "  Bunch  long,  moderately 
compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries 
very  large,  oval ;  skin  thin,  rather  opaque ; 
seeds  few  and  small ;  color  light,  greenish 
white  with  delicate  bloom ;  flesh  entirely 
tender  and  melting,  with  no  pulp  or  as- 
tringenc)r  next  the  seeds;  flavor  rich, 
sugary,  slightly  sub-acid,  with  the  pecu- 
liar high  flavor  which  is  the  distinguishing 
charm  and  excellence  of  the  foreign  Mus- 
cats and  Frontignans.  There  are  really 
few  grapes  among  the  most  admired  for- 
eign kinds  which  equal  this  variety  in 
pure  flavor  and  high  quality.  Vine  very 
vigorous;  foliage  large  and  moderately 
thick ;  resists  mildew,  except  in  very  un- 
favorable seasons.  In  this  respect  it  is 
better  than  Eumelan,  Delaware,  Clinton, 
or  Roger's  Hybrids ;  but  not  equal  to  Con- 
cord." 

Cornucopia.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No. 
2.)  A  seedling  of  Clinton  crossed  with 
Black  St.  Peters.  Vine  much  resembling 
the  Clinton  in  appearance,  but  superior 
in  size  of  berry  and  bunch,  and  greatly 
superior  in  flavor ;  a  healthy  grape  and  a 
great  bearer.  The  Paris  Horticultural 
Society  reported  on  it  as  follows:  "  This 
is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  grapes  in 
the  whole  collection  of  Mr.  Arnold's  Hy- 
brid grapes;  a  very  promising  grape." 
Bunch  large,  shouldered,  very  compact; 
berry  above  medium  size,  black,  with  a 
beautiful  bloom,  flavor  excellent,  very 
sprightly,  and  pleasant;  skin  thin;  seeds 
large,  bearing  nearly  the  same  proportion 
to  size  of  berry  as  in  Clinton.  Flesh  melt- 
ing, with  very  little  pulp  if  any:  seems  to 
burst  in  the  mouth ;  all  juice,  with  a  little 
acid  and  astringency;  ripens  with  Con- 
cord. A  good  market  grape,  and  "  a  good  j 
keeper."  Also  valuable  for  wine,  but  with  us 
not  as  good  as  Canada. 

Conqueror.  A  seedling  raised  by  Rev. 
Asher  Moore,  N.  J.  A  cross  between  Concord 
and  Royal  Muscadine.  Early;  bunches  long, 
loose,  shouldered;  berries  medium,  glossy  black, 
with  a  bloom ;  flesh  slightly  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet. 
Vine  a  free  grower,  hardy,  healthy  and  prolific. 

Cuyahoga.      Syn.  WEMPLE.     (Labr.}     A  chance 

seedling  found  and  grown  by Wemple,  Collamer, 

Cuyahoga  Co.,  O.    Vine  a  strong  grower,  requires  a 


CORNUCOPIA. 

warm,  sandy  soil  and  exposure  to  make  it  desirable  at 
the  North,  but  when  well  grown  it  is  of  fine  quality. 
South  it  casts  its  foliage  and  ig  not  valuable.  Bunch, 
medium,  compact;  Jerry  medium,  dull,  greenish  amber 
when  fully  ripe;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich  vinous,  sweet. 
Ripens  with  the  Catawba,  or  a  little  later. 

Croton.  Hybrid  cross  between  Delaware 
and  Chasselas  de  Fontainbleau,  originated  by 
S.  W.  Underbill,  of  Croton  Point,  N.  Y.,  bore 
its  first  fruit  in  1865.  In  1868  and  following 
years,  it  obtained  prizes  at  the  N.  Y.,  Penn- 
sylvania and  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Soci- 
eties, and  other  grape  exhibitions,  attracting 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


45 


THE  CROTON  GRAPE. 


marked  attention.  F.  R.  Elliot,  formerly  of 
Cleveland,  O.,  says :  "  The  Croton  is  among  the 
white  or  green  sorts,  what  the  Delaware  is 
among  the  reds." 

Bunch  often  8  to  9  inches  long,  moderately 
compact  and  shouldered;  the  shoulder  often 
nearly  as  large  as  the  bunch,  and  the  clusters 
frequently  winged;  berries  of  medium  size,  of 
light,  yellowish  green  color,  translucent,  and 
remarkably  delicate  in  appearance ;  flesh  melt- 
ing and  sweet  throughout;  quality  best  with 
much  of  the  flavor  and  character  of  the  Chasse- 
las;  ripens  early.  Some  very  prominent  porno- 
ologists  say  it  is  one  of  the  best  hardy  grapes 
they  have  tasted  and  report  the  vine  as  hardy, 
vigorous  and  productive.  Our  own  experience 


is,  so  far,  not  as  favorable;  with  us  it  seems 
rather  tender,  a  weak  grower,  with  a  tendency 
to  mildew  and  rot. 

We  cannot  recommend  it  for  general  cultiva- 
tion, but  only  as  a  novel  and  valuable  amateur 
fruit. 


Cunningham.  Syn.  LONG,  (jffist.)  A 
southern  grape,  belonging  to  the  same  class  as 
the  Herbemont;  it  originated  in  the  garden  of 
Mr.  Jacob  Cunningham,  Prince  Edward  county, 
Ya.  Dr.  D.  N.  Norton,  a  prominent  agricultur- 
alist, the  same  who  first  eultivated  and  intro- 
duced to  notice  our  invaluable  Norton's  Virginia 
grape,  made  wine  from  the  Cunningham  in 
1855,  and  furnished  to  the  Elder  Prince,  of 


46 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


THE  CUNNINGHAM  GRAPE. 

Flushing,  Long  Island,  the  stock  which  was  the 
base  from  which  this  grape  has  been  dissemi- 
nated, directly  or  indirectly.*  Dr.  Norton  pro- 
nounced the  wine  very  similar  to  Murdock  & 
Co's  celebrated  brand  of  Madeira.  The  Cunn- 
ingham is  VERY  valuable  for  southern  slopes, 
with  poor,  light  limestone  soils  in  this  latitude 
and  FURTHER  SOUTH.  JBunch  very  compact  and 
heavy,  medium,  often,  not  always,  shouldered; 
berries  small,  brownish  black,  juicy  and  vinous ; 


vine  a  stiong  grower,  HEALTHY  and  productive ; 
to  be  so  it  needs,  however,  spur  pruning  on 
laterals  and  slight  winter  protection.  Hoots  of 
medium  thickness,  inclined  to  be  wiry,  straight, 
tough,  with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  on  which  the 
Phylloxera  has  but  little  influence,  even  though 
they  may  be  numerous  on  the  young  spougioles ; 
one  of  the  best  resistants  to  the  insect.  Canes 
not  numerous,  but  very  stout  and  vigorous,  of- 
ten attaining  a  length  of  SO  or  40  feet  in  one 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


47 


<SUtt  VITICULTURAL  Cfl.v 

i 


THE  CYNTHIANA  GRAPE. 


season;  laterals  an  average  complement,  and 
well  developed;  wood  hard  with  a  medium 
sized  pith,  and  a  hard,  thick  outer  bark,  adher- 
ing closely  even  on  the  ripe  wood,  a  characteris- 
tic common  to  all  the  ^Estivalis  class .  Ripens 
its  fruit  late,  and  makes  one  of  the  most  aro- 
matic and  delightful  wines,  of  dark  yellow 
color.  Must  95°  to  112*. 

Cynthiana.     Syn.  RED    RIVER,      (^fflst.) 
Received  by  Husmann  in  1858,  from  William  R. 


Prince,  Flushing,  Long  Island,  New  York.  Or- 
igin, Arkansas,  where  it  was,  probably,  found 
growing  wild.  It  is  a  true  JBstivalis  in  all 
its  habits,  and  reseinble's  Norton?s  Virginia  so 
closely  that  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the 
wood  or  leaf,  although  the  bunch  is  generally 
somewhat  more  shouldered,  and  the  berry  more 
juicy  and  somewhat  sweeter.  Bunch  of  medium 
size,  moderately  compact,  shouldered  ;  berry 
below  medium,  round,  black,  with  blue  bloom, 


48 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


sweet,  spicy,  moderately  juicy.  Juice  very  dark 
red,  weighs  very  heavy  on  the  must  scale,  even 
higher  than  Norton's  Virginia,  and  makes,  so 
far,  our  best  red  wine.  It  has  as  much  body  as 
Norton's  Virginia,  is  of  exquisite  flavor,  much 
more  delicate  than  Norton's,  and  can  safely  en- 
ter the  lists  with  the  choicest  Burgundy  wines. 
The  Norton's,  however,  seem  to  possess  medi- 
cinal ingredients  (tannin)  in  a  higher  degree. 
Vine  vigorous  and  healthy,  productive,  as  sure 
in  its  crops  of  well  ripened  fruit  here,  as  any 
variety  we  know;  but  very  difficult  to  propa- 
gate, as  its  wood  is  very  hard  with  a  small  pith 
and  closely  adhering  outer  bark.  Since  it  bore 
its  first  crop,  in  1859,  we  have  never  seen  a  rot- 
ten berry  on  it.  The  fruit  ripens  some  few  days 
earlier  than  Norton's  and  Catawba.  Specific 
gravity  of  must,  from  98°  to  118°  according  to 
the  season.  While  we  can  confidently  recom- 
mend the  true  Cyuthiana  as  the  best  grape  for 
red  wine  which  we  have  tried,  we  must  at  the 
same  time  caution  the  public  against  spurious 
vines,  which  have  been  sent  out  under  that 
name. 

We  copy  the  above  description  partly  from 
Mr.  Husmann,  of  whom  we  also  obtained  our 
original  stock  of  this  variety.  We  have  now 
about  2000  vines  of  same  in  bearing.  Our  Cyn- 
thiana  wine  was  awarded  the  First  Medal  of 
Merit  at  the  World-Exposition,  Vienna,  1873, 
and  is  gaining  the  "  blue  ribbon  "  at  every  test. 
The  commission  at  the  Congres  de  Montpellier, 
France,  1874,  reported:  "Cynthiana  of  Mr. 
Bush,  a  red  wine  of  fine  color,  rich  in  body  and 
alcohol,  reminding  us  of  old  Roussillon  wine." 
It  says  th.e  same  of  Cynthiana  exhibited  by 
Poeschel  &  Soberer.  Mr.  Nuesch,  of  Dr.  Law- 
rence's Ouachita  vineyard,  near  Hot  Spring, 
Ark.,  who  got  his  plants  from  us,  says:  "We 
find  the  Cynthiana  hardier  than  the  Norton  and 
a  few  days  earlier  in  ripening."  The  juice  of 
the  Cynthiana  surpasses  that  of  the  Norton's  in 
saccharine  by  about  10°  on  Oechsle's  scale, 
averaging  about  112°.  Mr.  Muench  writes  us: 
"  Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  praise  of  the  Cyn- 
thiana; its  wine,  two  or  three  years  old,  cannot 
be  excelled  by.  the  best  red  wines  of  the  old 
world."  We  look  upon  it  as  our  BEST  AND 
MOST  VALUABLE  grape  for  red  wine,  and  have 
bestowed  (he  best  care  and  special  attention  on 
its  propagation,  so  that  we  can  now  offer  relia- 
ble, number  one  plants,  with  strong,  insect 
proof,  healthy  roots,  of  this  variety,  to  our 
customers,  at  a  comparatively  very  moderate 
price. 


Dana.  A  seedling  grown  by  Francis  Dana,  of  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  and  described  in  the  "Massachusetts  Hor- 
ticultural Transactions."  Bunch  medium,  shouldered, 
compact,  with  a  peculiar  red  stem;  berries  rather  large, 
nearly  round,  red,  with  a  rich,  heavy  bloom,  so  that 
when  fully  ripe  they  appear  almost  black;  flesh  as  free 
from  pulp  as  Delaware;  not  so  sweet,  but  more  spirited 
and  vinous,  yet  not  acid.  Ripe  last  of  September. 

Detroit.  (Labr  f  )  This  variety  is  supposed  to  be 
a  seedling  of  Catawba.  It  was  found  in  a  garden  in 
Detroit,  Mich.  Not  having  seen  the  fruit  we  copy  from 
description  in  the  Horticulturalist.  Vine  very  vigorous 
and  hardy.  Foliage  resembling  Catawba;  wood  short 
jointed;  bunches  large,  compact;  berries  very  dark,  rich 
brown  claret,  with  a  light  bloom,  round  and  regular. 
Flesh  with  very  little  pulp,  rich  and  sugary.  Ripens 
earlier  than  the  Catawba. 

Devereux.  (^Est.}  Syn.  BLACK  JULY, 
LINCOLN,  BLUE  GRAPE,  SHERRY,  THURMOND, 
HART,  TULEY,  MCLEAN,  HUSSON,  (LENOIR,  in- 
correctly). A  southern  grape;  belongs  to  the 
same  class  as  Herbemont  and  Cunningham; 
where  this  grape  will  succeed  it  is  one  of  our 
very  best  wine  grapes,  producing  a  white  wine 
of  exquisite  flavor.  It  is  somewhat  subject  to 
mildew,  very  tender,  and  requires  covering  in 
the  winter.  North  of  Missouri  it  should  not  be 
tried,  but  here  it  succeeds  admirably  on  south- 
ern slopes,  in  very  favorable  seasons,  and  our 
southern  grape  growers,  especially,  should  plant 
some  of  it.  Bunch  very  long,  loose,  shouldered; 
berry  black,  below  medium,  round;  flesh  juicy, 
without  pulp,  and  vinous;  quality  best;  vine  a 
strong  grower  and  very  productive,  when  free 
from  mildew. 

Diana  Hamburg.  A  new  variety,  said  to  be  a 
cross  between  the  Diana  and  Black  Hamburg,  origi- 
nated by  Mr.  Jacob  Moore,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.;  bunches 
generally  large,  sufliciently  compact,  well  shouldered; 
berries  above  medium,  slightly  oval,  of  a  rich  fiery  red 
color  when  fully  ripe;  flesh  tender,  of  very  sweet 
flavor,  equal  to  some  of  the  finer  foreign  sorts.  Vine  a 
weak  grower,  with  short  jointed,  firm  wood,  very  ten- 
der; leaves  of  medium  size,  crimped,  and  sometimes 
rolled  in;  subject  to  mildew.  Its  fruit  ripens  after  the 
Concord,  but  before  its  parent  the  Diana.  We  may  as 
well  state  that  at  least  three  independent  parties  are 
reputed  to  have  made  this  hybrid,  and  there  may  exist 
several  crosses  of  the  foreign  Black  Hamburg  on  the 
Diaita.  Ours  is  from  J.  Charlton ,  Rochester,  N.  Y. , 
but  it  proved  worthless.  We  might  as  well  attempt  to 
grow  the  lilack  Hamburg  in  open  air.  Its  propagation 
should  be  given  up,  at  least  we  have  done  so . 

Don  Juan,  one  of  Mr.  Ricketts'  seedlings,  much 
like  its  parent  lona.  Mr.  F.  R.  Elliott  says:  "It  is 
better  than  any  known  hardy  grape  of  its  color;  is 
about  the  size  in  berry  of  Rogers'  15,  a  deeper  color 
and  a  larger  and  better  bunch;  the  flesh  is  vinous, 
sweet  and  sparkling. "  (See  our  Remarks  on  Rickett's 
Seedlings.) 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VABIETIES. 


49 


Delaware.  Origin  unknown.  It 
was  found  many  years  since  in  the  gar- 
den of  Paul  H.  Provost,  Frenchtown, 
Hnnterdon  Co.,  N.  J.,  who  had  immi- 
grated from  Switzerland,  and  brought 
with  him  many  varieties  of  foreign 
grapes,  which  he  cultivated  in  his  gar- 
den. It  was  first  known  as  the  "  Italian 
Wine  Grape,"  then  it  was  supposed  to 
be  the  "Red  Traminer,"  or  a  seedling 
from  this  variety.  We  have  strong  rea- 
sons to  believe  it  a  Hybrid  between  the 
V.  Labrusca  and  Vitis  Vinifera. 

This  variety,  first  brought  to  notice  by 
A.  Thompson,  Delaware,  Ohio,  is  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the 
best  of  all  American  grapes.  Unfortu- 
nately it  does  not,  from  various  causes, 
succeed  well  in  all  localities;  it  should 
be  planted  here  in  deep,  rich  soil,  open 
and  well  drained,  on  northeast  and  east- 
ern slopes,  and  requires  good  cultivation 
and  pruning  to  short  laterals.  Its  Roots 
are  slender,  and  not  inclined  to  branch 
out  much;  of  medium'^toughness,  with  a 
rather  soft  liber.  Canes  proportionate, 
in  length  and  thickness,  with  an  average 
number  of  laterals.  Wood  hard,  with  a 
small  pith.  It  is  a  slow  grower.  1450 
vines  may  well  be  planted  to  the  acre, 
five  to  six  feet  being  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance. Some  experiments  have  lately 
been  made  in  grafting  and  inarching  the 
Delaware  on  the  Concord  and  Clinton 
stocks,  which  proved  successful.  (See 
"  Grafting,"  in  Manual.)  The  Delaware 
is  exceedingly  hardy,  enduring  the  se- 
verest winters  uninjured,  if  the  vines 
arc  healthy.  In  some  localities,  as  in 
South-west  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  it 
yields  a  sure  and  abundant  crop,  and  is 
entirely  without  a  rival  for  the  pro- 
duction of  a  fine  white  wine ;  in  other  locali- 
ties, however,  it  has  been  found  subject  to  mil- 
dew, or  leaf  blight,  and  this  tendency  is  great- 
ly aggravated  by  allowing  the  vines  to  over- 
bear, which  the  Delaware  is  sure  to  do,  if  per- 
mitted. It  is  very  sensitive  to  Phylloxera. 

Bunch  small  to  medium,  compact ;  the  clusters 
usually  shouldered;  berries  below  medium, 
round;  skin  thin,  but  tenacious;  pulp  sweet 
and  tender;  juice  abundant,  rich,  vinous  and 
sugary,  sprightly  and  refreshing ;  color  a  beau- 
tiful light  red  or  purplish  maroon,  covered  with 
a  thin  whitish  bloom,  and  very  translucent.  It 
is  without  harshness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp,  ex- 


DELAWARE. 

ceedingly  sweet,  but  sprightly,  vinous  and 
aromatic.  Ripens  early,  about  eight  days  later 
than  Hartford  Prolific.  Quality  best,  for  the 
table*  as  well  as  for  wine.  Must  100°— 118°. 
Acid  5  to  6  per  mill. 

"  The  must  of  this  grape  is  generally  so  rich, 
and  the  proportion  so  evenly  balanced,  that  it 
will  make  a  first  class  wine,  of  great  body  and 
fine  flavor,  without  manipulation  or  addition." 
— Husmann,  U.  8.  Report  of  Agriculture,  1867. 

Seedlings  from  Delaware  and  its  crosses  with 
other  varieties  are  but  little  known,  though  in- 
numerable attempts  have  been  made  to  raise 
them.  The  expectation  to  produce  therefrom  a 


50 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


grape  of  superior  value,  larger  only  in  size  of 
bunch  and  berries,  yet  of  the  quality  of  the  Del- 
aware, was,  and  probably  ever  will  be,  doomed 
to  disappointment.  All  its  seedlings  show  more 
or  less  of  the  "Fox  grape;11  this  fact,  and 
other  characteristics  (see  Manual — Table  of 
Grape  Seeds,  &c.)  convince  us  of  its  origin,  in 
party  from  this  species;  although  many  eminent 
Horticulturists  and  Botanists  class  the  Dela- 
ware with  jEstivalis,  (others  with  Riparia). 
It  is  true  that  the  Delaware  leaf  seems  more 
closely  allied  to  ^Est. ;  its  wood  is  harder,  more 
difficult  to  propagate,  and  the  tendrils  are  not 


continuous,  (nor  are  they  regularly  intermit- 
tent) ;  but  we  find  a  remarkable  parallel  case 
in  "  Sheppard's  Delaware,"  raised  from  seed  of 
Catawba  by  J.  N.  Sheppard,  in  1853,  from  whom 
Charles  Downing  received  it,  with  its  history, 
and  says:  "  The  vine  and  fruit  are  similar  in 
all  respects  to  Delaware."  The  "  White  Dela- 
ware," a  new  variety,  raised  by  G.  W.  Camp- 
bell from  seed  of  Delaware,  has  large,  thick 
foliage,  "  resembling  Catawba  more  than  Dela- 
ware." Another  white  Delaware  seedling, 
raised  by  II.  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  shows  the  same 
characteristics,  and  the  fruit  has  a  musky  flavor. 


DIANA. 


Diana.  (Za&r.)  A  seedling  of 
Catawba,  raised  by  Mrs.  Diana 
Crehore,  Milton,  Massachusetts. 
Mr.  Fuller  justly  remarks: 

"  There  is  probably  no  one  va- 
riety of  grape  in  cultivation  in 
regard  to  which  there  is  a  greater 
diversity  of  opinion,  and  its  vari- 
ableness fully  warrants  all  that 
is  said  about  it.  In  one  section 
it  is  really  excellent,  while  in  an- 
other, perhaps  near  by  it,  it  is 
entirely  worthless.  This  differ- 
ence is  often  observable  in  the 
same  garden,  and  from  no  ap- 
parent cause." 

The  Diana  seems  to  do  best  in 
warm,  rather  dry  and  poor  soil ; 
gravelly  clay  .or  sandy  loam 
seems  best  suited  to  its  wants. 
Bunches  medium,  very  compact, 
occasionally  shouldered ;  berries 
medium  size,  round,  pale  red, 
covered  with  a  thin  lilac  bloom ; 
flesh  tender,  with  some  pulp, 
sweet,  juicy,  with  a  musk  flavor 
that  is  very  strong  until  the  fruit 
is  fully  ripe,  and  then  often  offen- 
sive to  some  tastes.  Colors  its 
fruit  early,  but  does  not  really 
mature  much  earlier  than  the  Ca- 
tawba. Vine  a  vigorous  grower, 
requiring  much  room  and  long 
pruning,  and  increases  in  pro- 
ductiveness and  good  quality,  as 
the  vines  get  age ;  roots  few,  but 
long  and  thick,  soft  in  texture, 
and  with  a  thick  liber;  canes 
heavy  and  long,  with  few  laterals 
and  a  very  large  pith.  It  is  not 
as  productive,  nor  quite  as  large 
in  bunch  and  berry  as  its  parent, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


51 


but  some  think  it  superior  in  quality,  and  it  has 
usually  suffered  less  from  rot.  Its  berries  hold 
well,  and  its  thick  skin  enables  it  to  withstand 
changes  of  temperature  better;  hence  the  Diana 
improves  by  being  left  upon  the  vine  until  after 
pretty  severe  frost.  As  a  variety  for  packing 
and  keeping,  it  has  no  superior.  Eastern  grape 
growers  claim  it  to  be  valuable  also  for  wine. 
Must  88"  to  90° ;  acid  12. 

Downing-,  or  Charles  Downing.  A  Hybrid  ob- 
tained by  Jas.  H.  Rieketts,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  from 
the  Croton  fertilized  by  Black  Hamburgh.  "Bunches 
large,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berries  large,  slightly 
oval,  nearly  black  with  light  bloom,  flesh  tender, 
breaking  somewhat  like  the  foreign  sorts  ;  in  flavor  it 
is  first  rajbe,  being  sweet,  with  just  enough  sprightli- 
ness  to  prevent  cloying  the  palate."— Fuller. 

The  vine  is  said  to  be  a  vigorous  grower,  with  healthy 
foliage.  Its  parents  ferebode  the  reverse. 

Dracut  Amber.  (Labr.}  Originated  by 
J.  W.  Manning,  Dracut,  Mass.  Vine  very  vig- 
orous. Regarded  by  us  as  but  a  slightly  im- 
proved wild  fox  grape;  very  early  and  produc- 
tive; bunch  large  and  long,  compact,  often 
shouldered;  berries  large,  round;  skin  thick,  of 
pale  red  color,  pulpy  and  foxy ;  too  foxy  for  our 
taste,  and  should  be  discarded,  when  so  many 
better  varieties  can  be  grown.  Yet,  even  neio 
varieties,  quite  similar,  and  but  very  little,  if 
any  better,  are  continually  introduced.  (See 
Wyoming  Red.) 

Early  Hudson,  (?)  an  early,  round,  black  grape, 
of  little  value,  except  as  a  curiosity,  inasmuch  as  some 
of  the  berries  contain  no  seed. — Downing. 

Edinburgh.  Syn.  ELSINBORO,  SMART'S  EL- 
SINBOROUGH.  (^Est.}  Supposed  to  have  orig- 
inated in  Elsinburgh,  Salem  county,  N.  J.  An 
excellent  amateur  grape,  of  fine  quality  ;  ripens 
early.  Bunches  medium  to  large,  rather  loose, 
shouldered;  berries  small,  round,  skin  thick, 
black,  covered  with  a  thin  blue  bloom ;  flesh 
without  pulp,  sweet,  vinous.  Leaves  deeply 
five-lobed,  dark  green,  smooth;  wood  long 
jointed  and  slender.  Subject  to  mildew. 

Elizabeth,  (Lair.)  originated  on  the  farm  of  Joseph 
Hart,  near  Rochester,  N,  Y.,  and  described  in  the 
Rural  New  Yorker.  Bunches  large,  compact;  berries 
large,  roundish  oval,  greenish  white,  with  a  purple 
tinge  in  the  sun.  Flesh  rather  pulpy,  acid. 

Elvira,  a  seedling  from  Taylor,  raised  by 
Jacob  Rommel  of  Missouri,  considered  the 
most  promising  new  white  wine  grape  we  now 
have.  The  chromo  lithograph  accompanying 
the  title  page  was  made  from  a  photograph  of  a 
medium  cluster,  from  the  original  vine,  for  this 
Catalogue.  Bunch  medium,  shouldered,  very 
compact;  berry  medium,  considerably  larger 


than  Taylor,  its  parent,  round,  pale  green  with 
white  bloom,  sometimes  tinged  with  red  streaks 
when  fully  ripe;  skin  very  thin,  transparent; 
it  sets  so  very  closely  and  the  skin  is  so  thin  as 
to  cause  some  of  the  berries  to  crack;  pulp 
sweet,  very  tender  and  juicy,  fine  flavor.  Ri- 
pens about  ten  days  later  than  Concord.  Vine 
a  most  vigorous,  stocky  grower,  eminently  pro- 
ductive, exceedingly  healthy  and  hardy,  having 
stood  the  hard  winter  of  1872-3  without  protec- 
tion. Hoots  like  those  of  Clinton  and  Taylor, 
promising  to  possess  the  same  indemnity  from 
Phylloxera.  Canes  stout  and  long  with  well 
developed  laterals.  Wood  harder  than  the  Tay- 
lor, with  a  medium  pith.  Foliage  large  and 
strong,  firmer  in  texture  than  the  leaves  of  its 
parent,  the  Taylor;  somewhat  rusty  and  woolly 
on  the  lower  side,  leading  us  to  consider  this 
variety  as  the  offspring  of  an  accidental  inter- 
mingling of  two  species,  the  Riparia  and  La- 
brusca. 

Mr.  Herman  Jaeger,  a  careful  observer  and 
very  intelligent  grape  grower  of  Southwest 
Missouri,  justly  says  (after  a  visit  to  Mr.  Rom- 
mePs  vineyard)  :  *'  The  Elvira  has  all  the  good 
qualities  of  its  parent,  the  Taylor,  and  is  en- 
tirely free  from  the  drawback  of  that  variety — 
small  scattering  bunches  and  poor  bearing  qual- 
ities. The  original  Elvira  vine  bears  again 
(1874)  an  immense  crop ;  four  and  five  bunches 
from  one  bud  is  the  general  rule ;  they  are  very 
compact,  and  bunch  and  berry  are.  about  twice  as 
large  as  the  finest  Taylor  I  ever  saw.  The  foliage 
of  the  Elvira  plainly  shows  its  origin,  though  it  is 
much  larger  and  more  beautiful  than  that  of  the 
Taylor.  On  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf  a  slight 
approach  to  the  fox  grape  is  perceptible." 

The  Elvira  will  make  an  excellent  white 
wine,  resembling  hock ;  this  is  not  merely  the 
expectation  of  Mr.  Rommel,  but  of  others,  in- 
cluding ourselves.  Mr.  Jaeger,  who  has  no 
pecuniary  interest  in  this  grape,  wrote  to  S. 
Miller  (Colm.  Rural  World)  :  "In  your  locality 
and  further  north  the  Elvira,  for  the  production 
of  a  fine  hock  wine,  is  entirely  without  a  rival." 

Being  easily  propagated  from  cuttings,  the 
Elvira  will  soon  be  extensively  tested,  and,  we 
believe  it  will  become  one  of  the  leading,  nay 
the  leading  white  wine  grape  of  the  Middle 
States. 

Essex,  (Roger's  Hybrid  No.  41.)  Bunch  of 
medium  size,  compact,  shouldered ;  berry  very 
large,  black,  somewhat  flattened,  in  this  respect 
resembling  the  native  parent ;  flesh  tender  and 
sweet,  with  a  high  aromatic  flavor;  ripens 
early ;  vine  vigorous,  healthy,  and  prolific. 


52 


BTJSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


EUMELAN. 

Eumelan.  ("Good  black"  grape.) 
This  variety  was  found  as  a  chance  seedling  at 
Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  where  it  has  been  in  cultivation 
(in  the  garden  of  Messrs.  Thome)  for  many 
years,  yielding  abundant  crops  of  grapes,  re- 
markable both  for  goodness  and  earliness.  The 
original  vines  were  purchased  by  Dr.  C.  W. 
Grant,  in  1866,  (now  Hasbrouck  &  Bushnell, 
lona  Island,)  from  whom  we  obtained  the 
plants  of  this  valuable  variety,  probably  the 
best  early  grape  we  have  got.  We  give  the 
description  from  the  circular  of  its  propagator, 
Dr.  Grant,  leaving  out,  however,  all  excessive 
praise,  which,  in  our  opinion,  has  damaged  his 
success  more  than  all  his  opponents.  Bunches 
of  good  size,  elegant  form,  and  proper  degree 

*By  a  mere  typographical  error  in  our  first  edition 
(1869),  the  Eumelan  was  designated  as  Labr.,  and  to  our 
regret  this  error  was  ever  since  copied  and  repeated  by 
many  others  who  ought  to  know  better;  but  while  this 
may  be  a  pardonable  oversight  in  those  who  merely 
copied  our  descriptions,  it  is  evidently  more  than  an 
oversight  in  those  who  undertake  to  arrange  and  de« 
scribe  our  native  Tines  by  species  and  still  place  Eumelan 
among  Labrusca. 


of  compactness ;  berries  large  medium 
size,  round,  black,  with  fine  bloom,  ad- 
hering firmly  to  the  bunch  long  after 
ripening ;  flesh  tender,  melting,  all  going 
to  wine-like  juice  under  slight  pressure 
of  the  tongue ;  ripening  very  early  (even 
before  the  Hartford  Prolific)  and  evenly 
to  the  center.  Flavor  pure  and  refined, 
very  sugary,  rich  and  vinous,  with  a 
large  degree  of  that  refreshing  quality 
that  belongs  distinctively  to  the  best 
foreign  wine  grapes.  Roots  abundant, 
thick,  spreading,  and  of  medium  tough- 
ness ;  liber  thick  but  firm.  Vine  a  strong 
grower,  producing  remarkably  short- 
jointed  wood,  with  numerous  and  strong 
laterals;  buds  large  and  prominent; 
wood  hard  with  a  small  pith;  leaves 
large,  thick,  dark  colored,  firm  in  tex- 
ture (it  strikingly  resembles  Elsinburg) 
and  though  subject  to  mildew  in  some 
localities  and  unfavorable  seasons,  we 
can  recommend  it  as  a  very  fine,  hardy, 
healthy,  early  grape.  The  American 
Horticultural  Annual  for  1869,  says  of 
the  Eumelan :  This  variety  has  been 
tested  in  several  localities.  It  has  proved 
with  us,  near  New  York,  remarkably 
healthy  in  foliage,  and  has  taken  sev- 
eral premiums  as  the'ibest  black  grape 
at  various  exhibitions.  Then  again  re- 
ports came  from  many  localities,  that  it 
has.  failed  to  meet  public  expectations. 
In  our  own  vineyards  at  Bushberg,  it 
has  proved  all  that  was  claimed  for  'it,  being 
healthy,  hardy,  early,  productive,  and  of  very 
fine  quality. 

Perhaps  with  no  other  variety  is  it  so  import- 
ant to  set  out  only  good  and  strong  plants  in 
the  first  place,  as  with  this  one;  and  we  think 
that  the  great  diversity  of  opinion  now  exist- 
ing in  regard  to  this  grape  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  a  large  number  of  the  vines  of  this  variety 
sent,  out  have  been  poor  and  feeble  plants, 
which  have  never  come  to  any  good  thereafter, 
and  never  will. 

The  Eumelan  makes  a  superior  red  wine  (ac- 
cording to  Mottier,  North-East,  Pennsylvania, 
must  93°,  and  at  the  test  held  at  Hammonds- 
port  as  high  as  104°  with  only  4  per  mill,  acid), 
and  should  it  prove  more  generally  successful, 
it  will  rank  high  among  wine  grapes. 

We  give  a  figure  of  a  bunch  and  leaf,  re- 
duced in  size,  and  a  single  berry  of  full  natural 
size. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VAK1ETIES. 


53 


GOETHE.    (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  1.) 


54 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


Eureka,  (Labntsled)  a  seedling  of  Isabella,  orig- 
inated by  S.  Folsom,  of  Attica,  Wyoming  Co.,  N.  Y., 
similar  to  its  parent  in  appearance,  but  claimed  to  be 
earlier,  hardier,  and  healthier,  to  be  of  better  flavor 
and  to  keep  better  than  Isabella.  Mr.  Folsom  has  since 
raised  eight  seedlings  of  the  Eureka,  not  crosses  unless 
accidentally  so,  which  are  said  to  be  remarkable  for 
earliness,  fewness  of  seeds  and  other  good  qualities. 

Flora.  (Labr.1)  Origin  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Bunch 
small,  compact;  Jerry  small,  roundish,  oval,  purplish- 
red.  Flesh  somewhat  pulpy,  acid  at  centre,  juicy, 
vinous.  Ripens  about  with  Isabella.  Vine  hardy  and 
productive. — Downing. 

Flo  Aver  s.  Syn  :  BLACK  MUSCADINE.  (V.  Vulpi- 
na  or  Rotundifolia.)  A  variety  of  the  Scuppernong 
type.  Berries  large;  growing  in  clusters  of  10  to  20, 
black,  sweet.  Ripens  very  late ;  hangs  upon  the  vine 
until  frost.  Said  to  make  a  rich,  red  and  delicious 
wine.  Never  fails  to  produce  a  crop,  and  perfectly  free 
from  any  kind  of  disease.  It  is  much  esteemed  (in 
Georgia,  Alabama  and  South  Carolina)  on  account  of  its 
lateness,  as  it  does  not  come  in  until  the  Scuppernong 
is  gone.  Mr.  Berckmans,  of  Georgia,  says  it  is  not  quite 
as  good  as  the  Scuppernong  ( !)  and  about  same  size. 

Flower  of  Missouri.  A  new  Delaware  seedling, 
grown  by  Mr.  M.  Poeschel,  Hermann,  Mo.  Not  dis- 
seminated, and  probably  never  will  be.  It  possesses 
both  the  excellence  and  the  defects  of  "Walter." 

Framing  ham.  Perhaps  not  identical  with,  but 
only  a  reproduction  of  the  Hartford  Prolific';  at  least  so 
closely  resembling  it  that  it  should  not  have  been  in- 
troduced as  a  new  variety. 

Franklin.  (Cord.)  Vine  has  much  the  habit  and 
growth  of  Clinton ;  not  as  good  a  bearer.  Bunch  small, 
not  very  compact;  berry  small,  black,  juicy,  quite  acid, 
austere;  unworthy. — Downing. 

Gaertner.  (Rogers' No.  14.)  Not  yet  fruit- 
ed here,  and  but  little  known.  The  Hon.  Mar- 
shal P.  Wilder,  describes  it  as  follows :  Bunch 
good  size ;  berry  medium  to  large ;  color  light 
brown  or  red;  skin  thin;  flavor  pleasant  and 
aromatic ;  season  rather  early;  vine  healthy  and 
productive. — Grape  Culturist. 

Goethe.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  1.)  This 
very  valuable  variety  is,  perhaps,  more  unique 
and  shows  in  its  fruit  more  of  the  character  of 
the  European  species  than  any  of  Mr.  Rogers' 
other  sorts,  and  yet  its  vine  is  one  of  the  hardi- 
est, healththiest,  and  most  productive  we  have. 
Late  in  ripening  for  northern  localities,  it  does 
not  always  mature  there ;  but  here  with  us  it 
produces  and  perfectly  ripens  a  large  crop  of 
beautiful  clusters  and  berries,  free  from  rot  or 
imperfection  of  any  kind,  provided  it  has  a  good 
rich  soil,  and  has  not  been  permitted  to  over- 
bear, which  would  ruin  its  health  and  produc- 
tiveness for  years  to  come,  if  not  for  ever.  A 
sandy  soil  seems  also  favorable  to  its  continued 


health,  as  the  roots  of  the  Goethe,  though  thick 
— generally  of  a  scraggy  and  warty  exterior — 
are  feeble,  and  in  clay  soil  they  soon  become 
a  prey  of  the  Phylloxera.  The  vine  is  a  most 
vigorous  grower,  making  stout  and  long  canes, 
with  well-developed  laterals.  Wood  rather  soft, 
with  a  moderate  pith.  At  the  Fall  meeting  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Grape  Growers'  Associa- 
tion, September  9,  1868,  we  exhibited  for  the 
first  time  a  few  branches  of  the  vine,  each  with 
several  perfect  clusters,  which  were  much  ad- 
mired, and  would  have  probably  astonished  even 
its  originator,  could  he  have  seen  them.  The 
smallest  of  them,  being  a  good  average  size,  we 
had  photographed,  and  an  exact  copy  of  it  ex- 
pressly engraved  for  this  catalogue.  The  bunch- 
es are  medium  to  large,  not  quite  compact,  oc- 
casionally shouldered;  berries  very  large,  ob- 
long, of  a  yellowish-green,  sometimes  blotched, 
with  a  pale  red  toward  the  sun;  skin  thin, 
translucent ;  flesh  tender  and  melting  through- 
out, few  seeds,  sweet,  vinous  and  juicy,  with  a 
peculiar  delicious  aroma ;  excellent  for  the  table 
and  for  wine.  Specific  gravity  of  "must  78°; 
altogether  a  MOST  DESIRABLE  grape  for  our  lati- 
tude. 

Golden  Clinton.  Syn :  KING.  (Cord.)  A  seed- 
ling from  the  Clinton  closely  resembling  it,  with  this 
difference,  that  its  berries  are  greenish-w^,  and  that 
it  is  by  far  less  productive.  We  doubted,  for  some 
time,  that  the  plants  we  had  under  that  name  were 
true,  and  therefore  did  not  send  it  out.  We  then  ob- 
tained the  true  Golden  Clinton  from  two  reliable 
sources  and  fruited  it,  only  to  know  that  Mr.  Campbell 
is  perfectly  correct  in  saying:  "  It  does  not  sustain  the 
character  given  by  those  who  first  introduced  it. 
Bunches  small,  scanty  and  irregular;  berries  small  and  of 
inferior  quality.  Not  desirable." 

Graham.  An  accidental  seedling,  introduced  by 
Wm.  Graham,  of  Philadelphia  ;  lunch  of  medium  size, 
not  compact;  berry  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  round, 
purple,  thickly  covered  with  a  blue  bloom,  contains 
little  or  no  pulp,  and  abounds  in  juice  of  agreeable 
flavor.  A  poor  grower  and  bearer. — Downing. 

Hartford  Prolific.  (Labr.}  The  stand- 
ard for  earliness  among  grapes.  Raised  by  Mr. 
Steel,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  twenty-five  years  ago. 
It  is  now  well  known,  and  generally  planted  as 
a  very  prolific  early  marke  tvariety ;  ripens  here 
early  in  August,  about  ten  days  in  advance  of 
the  Concord ;  but  as  soon  as  ripe  it  generally 
drops  its  fruit,  and  is  still  of  poor  quality.  The 
vine  is  very  healthy  and  hardy,  atod  produces 
immense  crops.  Bunches  large,  shouldered, 
rather  compact;  berries  round,  full  medium, 
black;  flesh  pulpy,  juicy,  with  a  perceptible 
foxy  flavor ;  roots  very  abundant,  branching  and 
fibrous,  of  average  thickness  and  toughness,  and 


DESCRIPTION  OF  YAE1BTIES. 


55 


THE  HERBEMONT  GRAPE. 


tolerably  firm  liber.  Its  good  resisting  power 
against  Phylloxera  is  due,  probably,  more  to  its 
exceedingly  strong  root  growth,  than  to  the  tex- 
ture of  the  root  itself.  Canes  stout,  with  strong 
crooks  at  the  joints,  laterals  well  developed,  and 
considerable  down  on  the  young  growth.  Wood 
hard,  with  a  small  pith.  Tolerably  fair  wine 
has  been  made  from  it,  but  we  could  not  recom- 
mend it  for  that  purpose.  Only  as  a  market 


grape  it  is  considered  valuable  by  many,  on  ac- 
count of  its  earliness  and  great  productiveness; 
but  even  as  such  it  is  inferior  to  several  others. 
(Framingham  and  Seneca  are  almost  identical 
with  the  Hartford.) 

Herbemont.  Syn:  WARREN,  HERBEMONT' s 
MADEIRA,  WARRENTON,  NEIL  GRAPE.  *f  (^Bst.) 
Origin  unknown ;  it  was  propagated  as  early^as 


56 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


1798,  from  an  old  vine  growing  on  the  planta- 
tion of  Judge  Huger,  Columbia,  8.  C.  Mr. 
Nicholas  Herbemont,  an  enterprising  and  en- 
thusiastic cultivator  of  the  grape,  found  it 
there,  and  from  its  vigorous  growth  and  per- 
fect acclimation  at  first  correctly  supposed  it 
was  a  native ;  he  was  afterwards  informed,  in 
1834,  that  it  had  been  received  from  France,  and 
he  believed  it.  But  the  same  grape  was  also 
found  growing  wild  in  Warren  County,  Ga., 
and  is  there  known  as  the  Warren  grape.  The 
best  authorities  now  class  it  as  a  member  of  the 
^Estivalis  family  of  the  south— a  native  grape, 
truly  called  by  Downing,  "Bags  of  Wine." 
One  of  the  very  best  and  most  reliable  grapes 
for  both  table  and  wine,  especially  adapted  for 
our  hillsides  on  limestone  soil.  It  should  not  be 
planted  further  north,  and  even  here  should  be 
covered  in  winter.  For  those  who  have  gone 
to  this  slight  trouble  it  has  nearly  always  pro- 
duced a  splendid  crop,  and  has  been  so  enor- 
mously productive  that  it  richly  repaid  the  little 
additional  labor.  To  some  of  our  Southern 
States  this  grape  will  be  a  mine  of  wealth. 
Bunches  very  large,  long,  shouldered  and  com- 
pact ;  berries  small,  black,  with  a  beautiful  blue 
bloom;  skin  thin,  flesh  sweet,  without  pulp, 
juicy  and  high-flavored;  ripens  late,  a  few 
days  after  Catawba.  Roots  of  medium  thick- 
ness, with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  resisting  to  the 
Phylloxera  in  France  as  well  as  here.  Canes 
stout,  heavy  and  long ;  laterals  well-developed. 
Wood  hard,  with  a  medium-sized  pith,  and  thick 
firm  outer  bark.  Vine  a  very  vigorous  grower, 
with  the  most  beautiful  foliage ;  not  subject  to 
mildew,  and  but  very  little  to  rot;  in  rich  soil 
it  is  somewhat  tender,  makes  too  much  wood, 
and  seems  less  productive,  while  in  warm  and 
rather  poor  limestone  soil,  with  southern  expo- 
sure, it  is  perfectly  healthy,  and  enormously 
productive,  except  in  very  unfavorable  seasons, 
when  all  half- tender  varieties  will  fail.  Mr. 
Werth,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  says:  I  have  found 
the  most  uniformly  abundant,  healthy,  and 
thoroughly  ripened  crop,  for  successive  seasons, 
on  low,  imperfectly  drained,  and  rather  com- 
pact soil.  The  accompanying  illustration  gives 
an  idea  of  the  beauty  and  richness  of  the  bunch. 
Specific  gravity  of  must  about  90°.  The  pure 
juice  pressed,  without  mashing  the  grapes, 
makes  a  white  wine,  resembling  delicate  Ilaen- 
ish  wines;  if  fermented  on  the  husks  about 
forty-eight  hours,  it  will  make  a  very  fine  pale 
red  wine.  The  French  wine  judges  at  Mont- 
pelier,  pronounced  it  "  assez  agreable,  rappel- 
lant  le  gout  des  vins  de  Test  de  la  France." 


It  seems  that  but  very  few  seedlings  of  the 
Herbemont  have  been  raised ;  at  least  we  know 
of  none  that  were  disseminated.  One  Herbe- 
mont seedling  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Warder,  in 
his  description  of  the  "  Longworth  School  of 
Vines."  The  Pauline  (see  description)  may, 
perhaps,  be  a  seedling  of  Herbemont ;  the  Mus- 
cogee  also ;  but  little  is  known  of  these  varieties. 
If  WE  intended  to  raise  new  seedlings  (which 
we  do  not)  we  would  select  the  Herbemont  in 
preference  to  almost  any  other  variety. 

Hattie,  or  Hettie.  There  are  three  grapes  under 
this  name,  or  under  conflicting  descriptions.  One 
originated  with  Mrs.  N.  R.  Haskel,  Monroe,  Mich;  de- 
scribed as  a  bright,  clear  red,  translucent  grape.  The 
other,  introduced  by  E.  Y.  Teas,  of  Richmond,  Ind. , 
as  a  large,  oval,  black,  grape,  "earlier,  larger  and 
better  than  Concord  and  Isabella."  And  another  of  un- 
known origin.  Bunch  small;  ~berry  black;  flesh  some- 
what pulpy;  a  poor  grower  and  bearer,  but  ripens 
early.  All  three  are  unknown  here. 

Herbert.  (Rogers' No.  44.)  Labrusca,  im- 
pregnated by  Black  Hamburg.  Bunch  large, 
rather  long  and  loose ;  berry  large  size,  round, 
sometimes  a  little  flattened;  black ;' flesh  very 
sweet  and  tender.  Early  and  productive. 

Hermann.  This  new  wine  grape  is  a  seed- 
ling of  Norton's  Virginia,  raised  by  Mr.  F.  Lan- 
gendoerfer,  near  Hermann,  Mo.  The  original 
vine  had  fruited  in  1863  with  its  originator,  and 
grafts  of  it  fruited  abundantly  in  1864.  It  has 
now  been  tested  for  nearly  ten  years,  in  various 
places,  and  proved  itself  without  a  fault  as  to 
growth,  foliage  and  fruit.  On  trying  the  must 
on  Oechsle's  scale  it  showed  96°,  and  has  since 
varied  from  94°  to  105°.  Bunch  long  and  nar- 
row, seldom  shouldered,  compact,  often  nine 
inches  long;  the  shoulders,  if  there  are  any, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  separate  bunch; 
berry  small,  about  same  size  as  Norton's,  round, 
black  with  blue  bloom,  moderately  juicy,  never 
rots  or  mildews,  and  ripens  very  late,  a  few  days 
later  than  the  Norton's.  The  juice  is  of  a 
brownish  yellow,  making  a  wine  of  the  color  of 
brown  Sherry  or  Madeira,  of  great  body  and  of 
very  fine  flavor,  resembling  Madeira.  Our 
friend  Sam.  Miller  says :  There  is  a  peculiar  fra- 
grance about  the  wine  of  the  Hermann  that  no 
other  American  grape  possesses,  and  were  I  a 
teetotaler  in  drinking,  I  should  like  to  have 
wine  of  it,  just  for  the  pleasure  of  smelling  it. 
I  propose  for  its  wine  the  name  of  "Harmony,'* 
for  such  it  will  produce.  The  French  judges, 
at  the  Congres  de  Montpellier,  pronounce  the 
Hermann  "  Men  droit  de  gout,  particulierement 
bon  and  corse."  Vine  a  strong  grower,  and 
very  productive,  resembling  the  Norton's  in 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VAKIETIES. 


57 


THE  HERMANN  GRAPE. 


foliage,  but  the  leaves  are  of  a  lighter  color,  the 
stems  covered  with  peculiar  silvery  white  hair- 
like  threads,  and  the  leaves  somewhat  more 
deeply  lobed.  It  is,  like  its  parent,  very^diffi- 


cult  to  propagate,  and  will  rarely  grow  from 
cuttings  in  the  open  ground.  Roots  wiry,  very 
tough,  with  a  smooth  hard  liber,  defying  all 
attacks  of  the  Phylloxera.  Canes  of  medium 


58 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


thickness,  great  length  and  vigor,  and  a  moder- 
ate number  of  laterals.  The  canes  often  branch 
off  with  a  fork,  having  a  double  bud  at  the  base, 
a  freak  of  more  frequent  occurrence  with  this, 
than  any  other  variety  we  know  of.  Wood  very 
hard,  with  a  small  pith. 

We  have  watched  this  grape  closely,  and  with 
particular  interest,  and  have  become  firmly  con- 
vinced that  it  is  an  important  addition  to  our 


THE  HINE  GRAPE. 


list  of  wine  grapes.  If  productiveness,  general 
hardihood  and  health,  and  a  superior  wine  can 
entitle  a  new  variety  to  consideration,  this  va- 
riety certainly  deserves  it  at  the  hands  of  our 
vintners.  Its  wine  is  entirely  different  and  dis- 
tinct from  anything  else  we  have,  and  which  we 
hope  will  be  the  American  Madeira,  so  anxious- 
ly sought  by  our  connoisseurs.  At  the  trial  6f 
wines,  at  Hermann,  Mo.,  held  on  the  17th  ot 
f  May,  1869,  the  "Hermann"  attract, 
ed  general  attention.  An  extra  pre- 
mium was  awarded  to  it. 

Let  not  our  readers  suppose  that 
it  will  be  a  universal  grape,  howev- 
er. For  our  locality  and  further 
south  it  will  be  eminently  desirable ; 
"It  is  a  pity  that  it  has  not  been 
more  extensively  planted  as  yet;" 
but  much  further  north  it  will  hard- 
ly attain  the  perfection  requisite  to 
make  a  superior  wine,  as  it  ripens 
so  late.  It  will,  we  think,  be  found 
specially  adapied  to  southern  slopes 
and  limestone  soil,  though  it  seems 
to  have  all,  or  even  more,  of  the  har- 
dihood of  its  parent.  It  is  a  true 
JEstivalis  in  leaf  and  habit. 

Mr.  Langendorfer  has  lately  raised 
some  forty  Hermann  Seedlings,  from 
which  he  selected,  as  the  best,  a  white 
seedling  of  the  Hermann,  which 
seems  very  vigorous  and  productive, 
promising  to  be  a  -most  valuable 
white  wine  grape,  and  the  first  of 
that  class  (^Estivalis)  with  WHITE 
berries.  The  one  bottle  of  wine 
made  from  it  is  as  excellent  in  qual- 
ity as  the  grape  is  remarkable  for  its 
color;  some  good  judges  who  tasted 
the  wine  said:  it  is  exceedingly 
smooth  and  fine ;  in  bouquet  plainly 
showing  Hermann  origin,  only  as 
much  finer  and  pleasanter  than  Her- 
mann, as  good  Cynthiana  is  finer 
and  better  than  Norton's  Virginia. 

The  originator  does  not  intend  to 
disseminate  this  new  variety  for 
several  years,  and  has  not  decided 
upon  a  name  for  this  grape. 

Hine.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  of 
the  Catawba,  raised  by  Jason  Brown 
(son  of  John  Brown)  at  Put-in-Bay, 
Ohio.  It  makes  a  good-sized,  com- 
pact, slightly  shouldered  bunch; 
berry  medium,  of  a  dark  rich  claret 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


59 


brown,  with  a  purplish  bloom;  skin  of  medium 
thickness ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet  and  almost  without 
pulp ;  leaf  large,  thick  and  whitish  underneath ; 
canes  reddish  brown,  short  jointed;  buds  prom- 
inent; ripens  with  the  Delaware,  which  it  some- 
what resembles.  Justly  regarded  by  all  who 
have  seen  it  as  a  grape  of  much  promise.  It 
took  the  first  premium  as  the  best  new  seedling 
at  the  Ohio  State  Fair  (1868).  We  give  an  en- 
graving, figured  from  a  bunch  raised  by  Chas. 
Carpenter,  Kelley's  Island.  As  this  new  grape 
has  not  yet  been  tested  in  different  localities,  we 
can  not  recommend  it,  except  as  an  interesting 
novelty  to  amateurs ;  and  its  being  supposed  to 
be  a  cross  between  the  Catawba  and  Isabella 
gives  us  but  little  confidence  in  its  health. 

Ho  well.  (Labr.)  Origin  unknown;  Bunch  and 
lerry  medium;  oval,  black;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  with  firm 
pulp,  pleasant.  Good.  Middle  September.— Downing. 


Humboldt.  OEta.)  A  very  interesting 
new  seedling  of  the  Louisiana,  raised  by  Fr. 
Muench,  described  by  him  as  of  very  vigorous 
growth,  healthy  and  hardy,  free  of  rot  or  leaf 
blight.  Bunch,  below  medium;  berries  me- 
dium, of  light  green  color,  and  of  finest  quality. 

Huntingdon.  (Cord.}  A  new  grape  of  the 
Clinton  class.  Bunch  small,  compact,  shoul- 
dered ;  berry  small,  round,  black,  juicy  and  vi- 
nous. Ripens  early.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower, 
healthy,  hardy  and  productive;  promises  well 
for  wine. 


See:  York  Madeira. 


IRWING. 


Hyde's  Eliza, 

Imperial.  A  white  seedling  from lona and  Sarbelle 
Muscat,  by  Mr.  Ricketts,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Hunch 
large,  with  slight  shoulder;  berry  very  large,  white, 
with  considerable  bloom;  no  pulp;  no  seeds  (?);  splen- 
did flavor,  with  traces  of  the  lona-Muscat  aroma;  vine 
a  vigorous  grower,  hardy;  ripens  about  time 
ol  the  Isabella.  The  finest  white  grape  of 
Mr.  Ricketts'  collection,  according  to  Mr. 
Williams,  editor  of  the  Horticulturist. 


I r wing.  (Underbill's  8-20.)  A 
most  showy  and  attractive  new  white 
grape,  grown  from  Concord  seed, 
crossed  with  White  Frontignan,  which 
was  planted  by  Mr.  Steph.  W.  Under- 
bill, of  Croton  Point,  New  York,  in 
the  spring  of  1863;  fruited  first  in  1866. 
The  character  of  the  very  large  cluster 
is  seen  by  the  engraving  (about  one- 
half  reduced  in  size).  The  berry  is 
large,,  considerably  larger  than  Con- 
cord, of  a  yellowish-white  color, 
slightly  tinged  with  pink,  when  very 
ripe.  The  vine  is  a  healthy,  vigorous 
grower,  has  large,  thick  foliage,  with 
'down'  on  the  under  side.  Fruit 
ripens  rather  late,  between  the  Isabella 
and  Catawba,  and  keeps  well  in  win- 
ter; it  has  a  vinous  flavor,  and  is  quite 
fleshy  when  perfectly  ripe.  We  con- 
sider this  far  more  deserving  of  dissem- 
ination than  his  'Croton.' 

Itbaca.  A  new  seedling  raised  by  Dr. 
S.  J.  Parker,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ;  described  by  its 
originator  as  in  bunch  and  berry  larger  than 
"Walter;  a  pure  greenish- yellow;  a  rose-like 
smell  and  a  high,  Chasselas-Mosque-like  (  ?) 
flavor,  and  claimed  to  be  a  cross  of  Chasselas 
on  Delaware,  ripening  before  Delaware,  and 
to  be  hardy,  healthy  and  vigorous.  Not  dis- 
seminated. We  only  place  it  on  record  as 
one  of  the  new  varieties  likely  to  be  brought 
forward. 


60 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


loiia.  Originated  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant,  of 
Tona  Island,  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  seed- 
ling of  the  Catawba,  and  the  leaf  somewhat  re- 
sembles that  variety.  Wood  soft,  short-jointed, 
with  a  pith  above  average  size ;  vine  a  strong 
grower ;  roots  rather  few,  straight,  of  medium 
thickness  and  of  no  very  firm  texture,  Canes 
straight,  not  inclined  to  ramble,  and  of  medium 
thickness,  with  few  laterals.  Here  it  is  subject 
to  mildew  and  rot,  and  requires  careful  protec- 
tion in  winter. 

The  lona  is  a  fine  grape  for  the  garden,  and 
suited  only  to  specially  sheltered  and  protected 
localities ;  it  requires  rich  soil  and  good  cultiva- 
tion; in  regions  which  are  not  subject  to  mil- 
dew (or  leaf  blight  as  it  is  sometimes  called), 
and  where  the  root  louse  is  not  abundant,  to 
which  its  feeble  root  soon  succumbs,  the  lona 
will  yield  a  fine  crop  of  splendid,  large  and  well 
developed  clusters.  Wherever  it  will  succeed, 
it  is  a  most  desirable  variety,  also  for  the  vine- 
yard, making  a  splendid  wine.  The  Pleasant 
Valley  Wine  Co.  use  this  variety  largely  in 
making  their  fine  sparkling  wines. 

Bunch  usually  large,  long  and  shouldered, 
not  very  compact;  berries  medium  to  large, 
slightly  oval;  skin  thin,  but  tenacious;  pale  red, 
with  numerous  deep  red  veins,  which  become 
quite  dark  when  fully  ripe ;  fine  bloom.  Flesh 
tender,  with  uniform  character  and  consistence 
to  the  center.  Flavor  rich,  sweet,  vinous; 
quality  best; — nearly  equaling  the  Delaware; 
ripens  with,  or  a  few  days  after  Concord,  and 
continues  a  long  time  in  use.  Magnificent 
specimens  were  grown  in  a  cold-house  by  Mr. 
Saunders,  at  the  Experimental  Gardens  at 
Washington.  Must  88Q  to  92°,  and  some  re- 
corded as  high  as  101° ;  acid  6.6-10. 

Isabella.  Syn.  PAIGN'S  ISABELLA,  WOODWARD, 
CHRISTIE'S  IMPROVED  ISABELLA,  PAYNE'S  EARLY, 
SANBORNTON  (?).  (Labr.)  Probably  a  native  of  South 
Carolina;  was  brought  to  the  North  and  introduced  to 
the  notice  of  cultivators  about  the  year  1818  by  Mrs.  Is- 
abella Gibbs,  in  honor  of  whom  it  was  named.  In  the 
East,  its  great  vigor,  hardiness,  and  productiveness 
have  caused  it  to  be  widely  disseminated,  but  in  the 
West  it  was  found  to  ripen  unevenly  and  very  liable  to 
mildew,  rot,  and  leaf-blight.  It  has,  justly  we  think, 
been  entirely  discarded  by  our  grape  growers,  since 
better  and  more  reliable  varieties  have  taken  its  place. 
Bunches  large,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  oval,  large, 
dark  purple,  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  and  covered 
with  a  blue-black  bloom.  Flesh  juicy,  with  a  rich 
musky  aroma;  tough  pulp,  and  a  good  deal  of  acidity. 
Ripens  irregularly,  and  the  leaves  seem  to  fall  just  at 
the  time  they  are  needed  to  aid  in  ripening  the  fruit. 

In  gome  localities  it  is  still  a  favorite  market  grape; 

Must  at  Hammondsport,  60°  to  79°;  acid  12^to  6  per  m. 

The  Isabella,  has  a  host  of  children,  few  of  whom  have 


survived  her,  it  seems.  Those  of  her  seedlings  which 
acquired'sonae  repute  are  described  under  their  proper 
names  in  this  Catalogue,  see  Adirondac,  Eureka ,  Hyde's 
Eliza,  Israella,  Mary  Ann,  To-Kalon,  Union  Village. 

Many  of  her  seedlings  ditfer  so  little  in  form,  size,  or 
quality  of  fruit,  in  growth  and  productiveness,  (some 
are  only  difierent  in  name,)  that  we  prefer  to  class  them 
as  sub-varieties.  They  are:  Ailcen,  Baker,  Bogue's  Eu- 
reJca,  Brown,  Cloanthe,  Carter  (?),  Hudson,  Louisa,  (by 
Sam.  Miller.  It  was  certainly  superior  with  him,  but 
when  the  learned  ones  pronounced  it  identical,  he  saw 
no  use  in  propagating  it.)  Lee's  Isabella,  Payne's  Early, 
Pioneer,  Nonantum,  Sanbornton,  Trowbridge,  Wright'* 
Isabella,  &c. 

Israella.  Originated  with  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant, 
who  claimed  for  it  that  it  was  "  the  earliest  good 
grape  in  cultivation ;"  but  later  he  himself  ad- 
mitted that  it  was  not  as  good  as  his  "  Eumelan." 
With  us  it  proved  later  than  Hartford  Prolific, 
but  the  great  beauty  of  its  clusters  makes  it  val- 
uable as  a  table  grape.  Vine  a  moderate  grower ; 
foliage  subject  to  mildew;  bunches  large,  shoul- 
dered, compact  and  very  handsome,  when  well 
ripened;  berry  black,  with  beautiful  bloom, 
rather  large,  slightly  oval,  pulpy,  not  above 
second  rate  in  quality.  Berckmans,  of  Augusta, 
Ga.,  however,  says:  "'The  climate  of  Georgia 
adds  so  much  to  its  quality,  that  all  who  tasted 
it  here,  pronounce  it  the  best  grape  in  cultiva- 
tion."— Essay  before  the  Penn.  Hort.  Soc. 

The  Israella  is  probably  a  seedling  of  the  Isa- 
bella, which  it  resembles  in  habit  of  growth  and 
character  of  fruit.  Must  (said  to  have  reached) 
84°,  with  only  5£  acid. 

Ives.  Syn.  IVES'  SEEDLING,  IVES'  MADEIRA, 
KITTREDGE.  (Labr.}  Eaised  by  Henry  Ives,  of 
Cincinnati,  (probably  from  the  seed  of  a  Hart- 
ford Prolific;  certainly  not  from  a  foreign  grape 
as  Mr.  Ives  supposed.)  Colonel  Waring  and  Dr. 
Kittridge  were  the  first  to  make  wine  from  it — 
about  ten  years  ago— and  now  it  is  a  popular 
red  wine  in  Ohio.  While  we  do  not  deem  it 
entitled  to  the  first  prize  "  as  the  best  wine- 
grape  for  the  whole  country,"  (awarded  to  the 
Ives  at  Cincinnati,  Sept.  24th,  1868,)  we  do  ac- 
cord to  it  the  great  merit  of  having  given  a  new 
impulse  to  grape  growing  in  Ohio,  at  a  time 
when  the  repeated  failures  of  the  Catawba  Vine- 
yards made  it  most  desirable. 

Bunches  medium  to  large,  compact,  often 
shouldered ;  berries  medium,  slightly  oblong,  of 
a  dark  purple  color;  when  fully  ripe,  quite 
black.  Flesh  sweet  and  juicy,  but  decidedly 
foxy,  and  rather  pulpy.  Not  desirable  as  a 
table  grape ;  but  nevertheless,  a  popular  market 
grape,  as  it  bears  transportation  better  than 
most  other  kinds. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


61 


It  colors  very  early,  but  its  period  of  ripening 
is  later  than  the  Concord.  The  vine  is  remark- 
ably healthy  and  hardy;  a  strong,  coarse  grower, 
in  general  habit  and  appearance  closely  resem- 
bling the  Hartford  prolific.  Roots  abundant, 
thick,  spreading,  and  of  tolerably  hard  texture. 
Liber  thick,  but  firm ;  pushes  new  spongioles 
rapidly  and  hence  offers  good  resistance  to  the 
Phylloxera;  it  does  not  seem  to  be  an  early 
bearer,  four-year  old  vines  of  this  variety  pro- 
ducing the  first  crop.  It,  however,  bears  pro- 
fusely when  older.  The  Ives  wine  has  a  most 
beautiful  deep  red  color,  but  a  foxy  taste  and 
odor;  must  80°. 


THE  IVES'  GRAPE. 


Kalamazoo.  (Lair.)  Raised  from  seed  of  Ca- 
tawba, by  Mr.  Dixon,  an  Englishman,  at  Steubenville, 
Ohio.  The  fruit  is  larger  than  the  Catawba,  and  grows 
in  bunches  larger  than  those  of  that  variety,  and  more 
marked  in  the  peculiar  richness  of  its  deep  blue  bloom; 
skin  thick;  flesh  soft,  not  qnite  tender  all  through; 
sweet,  but  not  as  rich  as  Catawba.  According  to  the 
Am.  Pomological  Society  Report  (1871),  it  is  said  to 
ripen  10  days  earlier;  according  to  the  Dep.  of  Agricul- 
ture Report,  1872  (p.  484),  it  is  said  to  ripen  10  days 
later  than  the  Catawba  I  "We  do  not  know  which  is 
correct,  as  we  did  not  try  this  variety  ourselves.  The 
vine  is  said  to  be  a  vigorous  grower,  hardy  and  very 
productive. 

Kilving-ton.  (?)  Origin  unknown.  Bunch  medium, 
tolerably  compact;  lerry  small,  round,  dark  red,  with  a 
bloom;  flesh  pulpy,  halt  tender,  vinous. — Downing. 

Kingsessing1.  (Lair.)  Bunch  long,  loose,  shoul- 
dered; lerry  medium,  round,  pale  red,  with  a  bloom; 
flesh  pulpy. — Downing. 

Kitchen.  '(Cord.)  Seedling  from  Franklin;  lunch 
and  lerry  medium,  lerry  round,  black;  flesh  acid,  juicy. 
— Downing. 

I,abe.  (  ?  )  Bunch  rather  small,  short,  oblong; 
lerries  medium,  loosely  set,  black;  flesh  half  tender, 
pulpy,  sharp,  sweet. — Downing. 

"  L,ady."  A  new  white  grape,  purchased  by 
Mr.  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  from  a  Mr.  Imlay,  of 
Muskingum  County,  O  ,  who  has  fruited  it  for 
six  years,  and  first  offered  to  the  public  in  the 
fall  of  1874.  Mr.  Campbell  introduces  it  with 
the  following  encomium: 

"  It  is  a  pure  Concord  seedling,  and  has  all 
the  vigor,  health  and  hardiness  of  its  parent. 
The  vine,  in  its  habit  of  growth,  foliage,  and 
general  appearance,  is  scarcely  distinguishable 
from  the  Concord. 

"  After  four  years  careful  testing  and  observa- 
tion,* I  confidently  offer  it  as  the  very  best 
white  grape,  for  general  cultivation,  yet  in- 
troduced. It  is  unquestionably  an  improvement 
on  the  Martha  grape,  being  at  least  double  in 
size,  earlier,  more  productive,  and  at  the  same 
time  free  from  that  foxiness  which  renders  the 
Martha  objectionable  to  many.  I  have  no  hesi- 
tation in  recommending  it  for  the  most  exten- 
sive culture,  feeling  assured  that  it  will  succeed 
perfectly  in  all  localities  where  the  Concord  can 
be  grown  with  good  success.  By  reason  of  its 
earlier  ripening,  several  days  before  Hartford 
even,  it  will  be  found  especially  adapted  to 
northern  localities,  where  Concord  does  not  al- 
ways mature,  f  In  size  of  berry  it  is  even 
larger  than  Concord;  in  size  of  cluster,  on  young 


*  The  vines  endured,  without  injury,  the  severe  cold  of  the 
winter  of  1872-73.  32°  below  zero ! 

t  In  our  latitude  this  very  early  ripening  is  not  desirable, 
especially  for  wine  making. 


BUSSBEHG  CATALOGUE. 


"  LADY." 


vines,  it  has  been,  so  far,  a  little  less;  though 
many  bunches,  the  past  season,  were  fully  up  to 
the  average  size  of  Concords.  In  quality  it  is 
better  flavored  and  more  delicate  than  Concord, 
in  its  texture  and  general  character  much  like 
it.  In  color,  light  greenish-yellow,  covered 
with  white  bloom ;  seeds  few  and  small ;  skin 
thin ;  pulp  tender ;  flavor  sweet  and  rich,  slightly 
vinous,  and  without  foxiness  in  taste  or  smell. 


I  regard  it  as  possessing  more  desirable  quali- 
ties for  a  profitable  garden  and  market  grape, 
than  any  white  grape  within  my  knowledge." 
This  is  certainly  very  strong  recommendation 
and  coming  from  Mr.  Campbell,  we  receive  it 
with  great  confidence.  We  have  planted  a  con- 
siderable number  ourselves,  and  hope  to  be  able 
to  bear  testimony  in  the  future  to  all  he  claims 
for  it. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


63 


Lienoir.  (^E7s£.)  A  southern  grape  of  the 
Herbemont  class,  from  Lenoir  Co.,  N.  C, 
Bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berries 
small,  round,  dark-bluish  purple,  nearly  black, 
covered  with  light  bloom ;  flesh  tender,  no  pulp, 
juicy,  sweet  and  vinous.  A  good  variety  South, 
but  too  tender  and  too  late  in  ripening  for  the 
North.  In  favorable  localities  it  will  be  found 
desirable  for  wine  and  table;  vine  a  fine  grower, 
but  a  tardy  bearer ;  foliage  deeply  lobed ;  roots 
tough,  resisting  Phylloxera,  and  said  to  succeed 
and  please  in  France.  (See  "  Ohio.") 

Lindley.  (Rogers'  No.  9.)  This  grape 
originated  by  hybridizing  the  wild  Mammoth 
grape  of  New  England  with  the  Golden  Chasse- 
las.  Bunch  long,  medium,  shouldered,  some- 
what loose;  berries  medium  to  large,  round; 
color  quite  peculiar,  and  distinct  from  any 
other  variety,  rather  more  of  a  brick  red  than 
Catawba  color;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  with  scarce- 
ly a  trace  of  pulp,  and  of  high  aromatic  flavor. 
It  resembles  the  Grizzly  Frontignan  in  appear- 
ance of  bunch,  and  is  by  some  regarded  as 
fully  equal  to  the  Delaware  in  quality.  Hoots 
long  and  straight,  with  a  smooth  liber  of  me- 
dium firmness ;  canes  slender  for  their  length, 
with  few  laterals  and  large,  prominent  buds; 
vine  of  very  vigorous  growth,  making  rather 
long-jointed  wood,  medium  in  hardness  and 
size  of  pith.  The  foliage  when  young  is  of  a 
reddish  color ;  the  fruit  ripens  early,  and  drops 
from  the  bunch ;  it  makes  a  splendid  white  wine. 
Specific  gravity  of  must  80°. 

"To  those  desiring  a  substitute  for  the  Ca- 
tawba, this  will  be  an  acquisition." — Husmann. 
We  would  recommend  it  as  a  table  grape  only. 

Logan.  (Lair.)  A  wilding  of  Ohio.  On  its  intro- 
duction, supposed  to  be  a  great  acquisition,  and  recom- 
mended by  the  Am.  Pomological  Society,  as  promising 
well;  but  it  has  sadly  failed  to  meet  public  expectation, 
and  is  now  more  generally  discarded  than  the  Isabella, 
to  which  it  was  deemed  preferable.  Bunches  medium, 
shouldered,  compact;  lerries  large,  oval,  black;  flesh 
juicy,  pulpy,  insipid  in  flavor;  vine  a  slender  grower, 
early  and  productive. 

Louisiana.  Introduced  here  by  that  em- 
inent pioneer  of  Western  grape  culture,  Fred. 
Munch,  of  Missouri.  He  received  it  from  Mr. 
Theard,  of  New  Orleans,  who  asserts  that  it 
was  imported  from  France  by  his  father,  and 
planted  on  the  banks  of  Pontchartrain,  near 
New  Orleans,  where  it  has  for  thirty  years 
yielded  abundant  and  luscious  fruit.  Mr. 
Munch  firmly  believes  that  it  is  of  European 
origin,  and  belongs  to  the  Burgundy  family. 
Mr.  Fr.  Hecker  is  just  as  positive  that  it  is  Eu- 


ropean, but  deems  it  nothing  else  but  the  Clav 
ner  grape  of  his  native  country — the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Baden.  Mr.  Husmann,  on  the  other 
hand,  holds  that  it  is  a  true  native  American, 
belonging  to  the  southern  division  of  the  -ZEsti- 
valis  class,  of  which  the  Herbemont  and  Cunn- 
ingham may  serve  as  types.  All  agree,  how- 
ever, that  it  is  a  most  valuable  variety,  very 
productive,  yielding  a  most  delicious  fruit,  and 
making  a  very  fine  wine. 

The  great  vigor  of  its  luxuriant,  branching 
roots,  well  resisting  Phylloxera,  besides  other 
characteristics,  make  us  believe — the  assertions 
of  Mr.  Theard  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding 
— that  the  Louisiana  and  Rulander  are  natives, 
of  the  -ZEstivalis  species. 

Bunch  medium  size,  shouldered,  compact, 
very  fine ;  berry  small,  round,  black;  flesh  with- 
out pulp,  juicy,  sweet  and  vinous;  quality  best. 
Vine  a  very  good  grower,  very  healthy  and 
more  or  less  productive,  according  to  position 
and  treatment;  requires  winter  protection. 
Roots  wiry  and  very  tough,  with  a  hard  liber; 
canes  very  stout,  of  moderate  length,  short 
jointed,  and  few,  large  laterals;  wood  very 
hard,  with  a  small  pith,  and  firm  outer  bark. 

The  Louisiana  and  Rulander  (or  rather,  what 
we  call  here  Rulander,)  so  closely  resemble  each 
other  in  general  appearance,  growth  and  foli- 
age, that  we  are  unable  to  distinguish  them,  ex- 
cept by  their  fruit,  which  ripens  in  both  varie- 
ties at  the  same  time  (rather  late) .  Both  are  un- 
doubtedly nearly  related  to  each  other;  but 
there  is  a  difference  in  the  juice — the  wine  of 
these  two  varieties.  Louisiana  makes,  in  our 
estimation,  the  better  wine  of  the  two,  in  fact 
the  finest  white  wine,  of  Hock  character,  that 
we  have.  Our  friend  Munch  has  succeeded  in 
raising  some  seedlings  of  the  Louisiana,  which 
are  hardy,  requiring  no  covering  in  winter,  and 
promise  to  be  very  valuable.  See  "Humboldt," 
"  Schiller,"  "Uhland." 

JLydia.  Originated  by  Mr.  Carpenter,  of 
Kelley's  Island,  Lake  Erie.  Supposed  to  be  an 
Isabella  seedling.  Bunches  short,  compact; 
berries  large,  oval,  light  green,  with  salmon  tint 
where  exposed  to  the  sun;  skin  thick;  pulp 
tender,  sweet,  of  fine  flavor,  slightly  vinous.  In 
habit  of  growth,  the  vine  is  not  unlike  the  Isa- 
bella, but  is  much  less  productive.  A  handsome 
grape,  of  good  quality,  but  rots  and  mildews  in 
unfavorable  seasons;  ripens  a  few  days  later 
than  the  Delaware. 

layman.  (Cord.).  Origin  unknown.  A  northern 
variety,  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Quebec  up- 
wards of  fifty  years  ago.  Hardy  and  productive. 


64 


BUSHBEBG  CATALOGUE. 


THE  MARTHA  GRAPE. 


Bunch  small,  rather  compact;  berry* round,  medium,  or 
below;  black,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom;  similar  in 
flavor  to  Clinton,  and  ripens  about  the  same  time. 

Sherman  and  McNeil  are  varieties  grown  from  the 
above ,  but  hardly  to  be  distingmished  from  it  —Downing. 

Martha.  (Labr.)  A  white  seedling  of  the 
Concord,  raised  by  our  friend  Samuel  Miller, 
formerly  of  Lebanon,  Pennsylvania,  now  of 
Bluffton,  Missouri.  The  most  popular  among 
the  WHITE  varieties.  Bunch  medium,  smaller 
than  the  Concord,  moderately  compact,  shoul- 
dered ;  berry  medium,  round,  greenish  white, 
sometimes  with  an  amber  tinge;  when  fully 
ripe  pale  yellow,  covered  with  white  bloom. 
Skin  thin.  Flesh  very  buttery,  and  of  a  re- 
markable sweetness  unmixed  with  acidity  and 


without  vinous  flavor ;  somewhat  pulpy,  often 
containing  but  a  single  seed.  Odor  decidedly 
foxy,  but  this  character  is  much  more  apparent 
in  the  fruit  than  in  its  wine. 

The  vine  is  very  healthy  and  hardy,  resem- 
bling the  Concord,  but  not  quite  as  vigorous  a 
grower,  and  the  leaf  is  of  somewhat  lighter 
green.  Roots  of  average  texture  and  liber, 
throwing  out  young  spongioles  readily.  Canes 
generally  more  upright  than  Concord,  with  less 
laterals  and  not  as  much  inclined  to  ramble. 
Wood  firm,  with  a  medium  pith.  Very  pro- 
ductive, and  the  berries  hang  well  to  the  bunch. 
Ripens  a  few  days  earlier  than  the  Concord, 
and  will  therefore  suit  even  northern  localities. 
Must  85°  to  90°;  at  least  10°  higher  than  Concord. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  YABIETIES. 


65 


The  wine  is  of  a  light  straw  color  of  delicate, 
flavor.  The  French  commission  at  the  Exposi- 
tion of  Am.  Wines  at  Montpellier,  1874,  pro- 
nounced the  Martha  as  "approaching  the  wines 
of  Piquepoul,  produced  in  the  Herault." 

Seedlings  have  been  raised  of  late  from  the  Mar- 
tha, but  are  not  yet  disseminated ;  one  of  these, 
raised  by  F.  Miinch,  seems  to  be  an  improve- 
ment on  the  parent,  producing  more  abundant- 
ly and  a  somewhat  larger  and  better  fruit.  (See 
also  "Lady.") 

Jttaguire  is  like  Hartford,  but  more  foxy. — Strong. 

Manhattan,  (Lair.)  originated  near  New  York. 
A  poor  bearer.  Bunches  small;  berries  medium,  round, 
greenish  white,  with  a  bloom.  Flesh  sweet,  rather 
pulpy.— Downing. 

Marines'  new  seedlings;  these  are  crosses  between 
purely  native  varieties,  claimed  to  be  produced  by  a 
new  and  very  simple  process :  diluting  the  pollen  of  the 
male  flower  with  rain  water  and  then  applying  it  to  the 
pistils  of  the  variety  which  he  selects  as  the  female 
parent.  Among  the  seedlings  thus  raised  there  are 
some  quite  peculiar  and  very  interesting;  some  are 
of  the  jEstivalis  family,  but  with  berries  of  quite  large 
size:  1.  Nerluton,  fine  large  bunch,  berries  above  medi- 
um, black;  leaf  very  large  and  leathery,  strong.  2.  Green 
Castle,  same  as  the  former,  berries  even  larger. 
3.  Luna,  white,  in  appearance  almost  like  Martha;  but) 
the  gain  in  size  seems  to  be  coupled  with  a  loss  in  qual- 
ity, compared  to  our  delicious,  juicy,  small  ^Estivalis 
grapes.  A  larger  number  of  his  seedlings  are  of  the 
Labrusca  type,  and  among  these  his  "U.  B."  black, 
Mianna  and  .King  William,  white,  are  well  worthy  a  trial. 

Mary,  (?)  raised  by  Charles  Carpenter,  Kelly  Island. 
Vine  hardy,  strong  grower.  Fruit  ripens  too  late  for 
the  North.  Bunch  medium,  moderately  compact ;  berries 
medium,  round,  greenish  white,  with  a  bloom.  Flesh 
tender,  slight  pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  brisk  flavor. — Down- 
ing. Another  Mary,  an  early  red  grape,  is  described  by 
Fuller. 

Marion.  (Cord.)  A  new  variety  brought 
to  us  from  Pennsylvania  by  that  indefatigable 
horticulturist,  Samuel  Miller,  who  got  it  from 
Dr.  C.  W.  Grant.  It  came  probably  from 
"  Longworth's  famous  school  of  vines,"  valua- 
ble for  a  dark  red  wine.  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact; berry  medium,  but  considerably  larger 
than  Clinton,  round,  black,  juicy,  sweet  when 
fully  ripe ;  ripens  late— long  after  coloring,  but 
hangs  firmly  to  the  bunch.  Blooms  early,  with 
Clinton,  which  variety  it  resembles  yet  far  sur- 
passes, in  our  opinion ;  so  much  so  that  it 
appears  almost  a  transition  from  the  Riparia  to 
--^Bstivalis  species.  Vine  a  very  vigorous  grow- 
er, rambling  but  not  so  straggling  as  the  Clin- 
ton. Wood  firm  with  a  medium  pith.  Foliage 
large,  strong  and  abundant;  of  a  peculiar 
golden  hue  when  young,  the  young  branches  of 


a  beautiful  red  color.  Moots  wiry  and  firm, 
with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  enjoy  the  immunity 
from  Phyloxera  belonging  to  its  species  in  the 
fullest  degree. 

Mary  Ann.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  J.  B.  Gar- 
ber,  Columbia,  Pennsylvania.  Bunch  medium, 
moderately  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medi- 
um, oval,  black,  pulpy,  foxy,  resembling  the 
Isabella.  Very  early,  ripening  a  day  or  two 
before  the  Hartford  Prolific,  and  therefore  val- 
uable as  an  early  market  grape,  though  of  an 
inferior  quality. 

Massasoit,  (Roger's  Hybrid  No.  3).  A  fine, 
early  grape  for  table  and  market.  We  copy 
the  following  description  by  Mr.  Wilder,  our 
celebrated  veteran  of  American  pomology: 

Bunch  rather  short,  medium  size,  shouldered; 
berry  medium  to  large,  color  brownish  red. 
Flesh  tender  and  sweet,  with  a  little  of  the 
native  flavor  when  fully  ripe.  Season  same  as 
the  Hartford  Prolific.  Very  free  from  disease, 
and  sufficiently  vigorous. 


MAXATAWNEY  (half  diameter) . 

Maxatawney.  (Labr.)  A  chance  seed- 
ling, originated  in  Montgomery  county,  Penn- 
sylvania in  1844.  First  brought  into  notice  in 
1858.  Bunch  medium,  long,  occasionally  com- 
pact, usually  not  shouldered ;  berry  above  me- 
dium, oblong,  pale  yellow,  with  slight  amber 
tint  on  the  sunny  side.  Flesh  tender,  not  pulpy 


66 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


sweet  and  delicious,  with  fine  aroma,  few  seeds ; 
quality  best,  both  for  tableland  wine.  Ripens 
rather  late  for  northern  localities,  but  where  it 
fully  ripens,  as  here  in  Missouri,  it  is  one  of  the 
finest  of  our  native  white  grapes,  much  like  the 
European  white  Chasselas.  Jloots  slender,  soft 
in  texture  and  liber,  incapable  of  resisting  Phyl- 
loxera. Canes  light  and  of  moderate  length, 
with  average  number  of  laterals.  Wood  soft 
with  a  large  pith.  Vine  very  healthy  and 
hardy ;  needs  no  protection  in  winter;  foliage 
large,  deeply  indented.  Must  82°. 

"  Will  make  a  very  delicate  white  wine  without 
gallizing." — Husmann. 

Merrimack  (Roger's  No.  19).  Regarded 
by  some  as  the  finest  grape  in  the  cpllection  of 
Rogers'  hybrids.  Mr.  Wilder  says : 

It  is  one  of  the  most  reliable  varieties  in  all 
seasons.  Vine  very  vigorous,  free  from  dis- 
ease. Bunch  usually  smaller  than  his  other 
black  sorts;  berry  large,  sweet,  tolerably  rich. 
Season  about  the  20th  of  September  (in  Massa- 
chusetts.) 


MOTTLED. 


We  prefer  his  No.  4.,  the  "Wilder;"  it  is  like 
it  in  quality,  with  by  far  larger  and  heavier 
bunches,  and  more  profitable. 

Miles.  (i«6r.)  Origin,  Westchester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Vine  a  moderate  grower, 
hardy  and  productive.  Bunch  small,  rather 
compact;  berry  small,  round,  black.  Flesh 
tender,  siight  pulp  at  centre;  brisk,  vinous, 
pleasant.  Ripens  among  the  earliest,  but  does 
not  hang  long.  We  cannot  recommend  it  for 
vineyard  culture  as  a  profitable  market  grape, 
but  for  family  use  as  a  good  early  table  grape 
it  is  valuable,  especially  for  the  North. 

Miner's  Seedling.     (See  Venango.) 

Missouri.  Syn :  MISSOURI  SEEDLING.  Mentioned 
by  Buchanan  and  Downing •;  but  now  unknown,  even  in 
Missouri. 

Mount  Lebanon.  (Ldbr.)  Originated  by  George 
Curtis,  of  the  United  Society  of  Mount  Lebanon,  Colum- 
bia county,  N.  Y.;  supposed  to  be  a  cross  of  Spanish 
Amber  and  Isabella.  Bunch  larger  than  Northern  Mus- 
cadine; berry  round,  reddish.  Flesh  pulpy,  tough, 
though  sweet,  perhaps  a  little  better  than  Northern 
Muscadine.  Not  yet  tried  here. 

Mottled.  Originated  with  Mr. 
Charles  Carpenter,  Kelly's  Island. 
A  seedling  of  the  Catawba.  Earlier 
in  ripening  and  less  disposed  to  mil- 
dew and  rot  than  its  parent.  Mr. 
H.  Lewis,  of  Sandusky,  Ohio,  says: 

"This  variety  undoubtedly  de- 
serves more  credit  than  it  has  gained, 
at  home  and  abroad." 

Charles  Downing  says : 

"  A  profuse  bearer,  ripening  with 
Delaware.  It  will  hang  a  long  time 
after  ripe,  and  keeps  unusually 
well." 

We,  in  Missouri,  as  well  as  Dr.  E. 
Van  Kewren,  at  Hammondsport, 
found  it  a  poor  grower  and  bearer. 

Bunch  medium  size,  very  compact, 
slightly  shouldered ;  berries  medium 
to  large,  round,  distinctly  mottled 
when  held  to  the  light,  with  differ- 
ent shades  of  red  or  maroon  while 
ripening,  but  nearly  a  uniform  dark 
Catawba  color  when  fully  ripe,  with 
a  slight  bloom.  Flesh  sweet,  juicy, 
vinous,  of  brisk,  sprightly  flavor, 
always  rather  pulpy  and  acid  at  the 
center.  Skin  thick.  Season  late, 
ripens  with  Norton's  Virginia. 
Hangs  well  to  the  bunch,  and  im- 
proves by  being  left  long  on  the 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


67 


vines.  More  desirable  as  a  wine  than  as  a  table 
grape.  Vines  healthy,  hardy,  and  very  produc- 
tive on  old,  established  vines ;  moderately  vig- 
orous; foliage  abundant;  wood  short  jointed. 
It  was  recorded  by  three  competent  judges,  Mr. 
Geo.  Leick  being  one,  that  its  must  weighed  94°, 
with  acid  4  per  mill. 

Neff.  (Lair.}  Syn.  KEUKA.  Origin  on  the  farm 
of  Mr.  Neff,  near  Keuka,  on  Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y- 
Bunch  medium;  berry  medium,  dark  copper  red.  Flesh 
pulpy  and  somewhat  foxy.  Good  native,  early. 

Neosho.  (jffistivalis.}  Found  growing 
wild  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  E.  Schoenborn,  near 
Neosho,  Southwest  Missouri.  In  1868  Mr.  Her- 
man Jaeger  sent  grafts  of  this  (and  other  vari- 
eties of  wild  summer  grapes)  to  that  pioneer  of 
Missouri  vintners,  Hon.  Fred.  Munch,  who, 
finding  it  to  be  of  superior  quality,  called  it 
the  "Neosho."  Cultivated  since  that  time  in 
Warren  and  Newton  counties,  it  never  failed  at 
either  place  to  produce  large  and  healthy  crops, 
and  gained  in  favor  every  year.  Mr.  S.  Miller 
says : 

"Neosho  is  a  treasure  to  the  land.  It  is  a 
true  JEstivalis  in  all  its  habits,  resembling  Nor- 
ton in  wood  and  foliage,  yet  quite  distinct. 
For  our  climate  and  further  south  it  promises 
to  be  among  the  white  wine  grapes  what  the 
Cynthiana  is  among  the  red  wine  grapes." 

This  is  the  highest  praise,  the  best  prognosti- 
cation that  can  be  given.  Bunch  and  berries 
are  of  the  same  size  as  Norton's  *^the  bunches 
compact,  shouldered,  heart-shaped.  The  skin 
of  the  berries  is  thin,  black  with  blue  bloom, 
very  dark,  yet  contains  but  very  little  coloring 
matter  and  less  tannin ;  the  pulp  is  meaty,  very 
sweet  and  spicy,  with  but  little  acidity.  Seeds 
rather  large.  The  wood  of  the  Neosho  is  ex- 
tremely hard  and  tough ;  it  will  not  propagate 
from  cuttings.  The  vine  is  a  most  vigorous 
grower  when  once  established  on  its  own  roots, 
or  successfully  grafted.  Succeeds,  so  far, 
equally  well  on  prairie,  hill  or  bottom;  re- 
quires plenty  of  room  and  prefers  spur  pruning 
on  old  wood.  It  is  so  hardy  that  it  may  be  said 
to  resist  all  the  extremes  of  our  changeable  cli- 
mate in  Missouri.  The  roots  are  strong,  wiry, 
and  exempt  from  injury  by  Phylloxera.  The 
foliage  is  coarse,  but  of  beautiful  color — dark 
and  glossy  green,  and  retains  its  freshness  till 
frost  sets  in.  The  must  of  this  remarkable  new 
grape  showed  110°  on  Oechsle's  scale,  and  only 
5i  mills  acid  on  Twitchel's  acidometer.  Al- 
though fermented  on  the  husk  for  two  days,  the 
color  of  the  wine  is  a  beautiful  golden  yellow, 
has  an  exquisite  bouquet,  and  a  most  peculiar, 


very  fine  aroma,  somewhat  similar  to  Maderia 
wine.  This  variety  being  moreover  unexcelled 
in  fruitfulness,  even  in  an  almost  poor  but 
warm  and  loose  soil,  promises  to  become  one  of 
the  leading  varieties  among  American  grapes, 
and  with  roots  quite  invulnerable  by  the  Phyl- 
loxera may  even  become  of  great  importance 
for  France. 

Great  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Jaeger  and  Papa 
Munch  for  having  introduced  this  variety ;  but 
there  exist  only  a  few  vines  of  it,  and  its  propa- 
gation is  so  difficult  that. the  high  price  will 
prevent  its  becoming  as  generally  known  and 
planted  as  it  deserves.  Nor  should  it  be  planted 
far  north  of  St.  Louis ;  it  is  a  southern  grape, 
ripens  with  Norton's  Virginia,  and  wherever 
this  does  not  ripen  it  is  useless  to  try  it. 

Newark.  A  Hybrid  of  Clinton  and  Vinifera,  raised 
in  Newark ,  New  Jersey .  Vine  of  vigorous  growth, 
hardy,  very  productive.  Bunches  long,  loose,  shoul- 
dered; berries  medium,  dark,  almost  black,  sweet,  juicy 
and  vinous,  of  pleasant  taste;  but  however  promising 
during  a  few  years,  it  becomes  soon  diseased,  its  fruit 
subject  to  rot,  and  perishes,  like  its  European  parent ; 
it  cannot  be  recommended. 

Newport.  (^Est.~)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  from  and 
similar  to  Herbemont. 

North  America.  (Labr.)  Bunch  small,  shoul- 
dered; berry  round,  black,  juicy  but  foxy.  Ripens 
about  with  Hartford  Prolific.  Vine,  vigorous,  unpro- 
ductive. 

Northern  Muscadine.  t(Labr.)  A  seed- 
ling raised  by  the  Shakers  of  New  Lebanon,  N. 
Y.  Opinions  'differ  widely  about  its  value. 
Papa  Munch,  (as  we  call  our  venerable  friend, 
the  Hon.  Frederic  Munch,)  places  it  as  a  ta*ble 
grape  next  to  the  Diana  and  Yenango,  and  as  a 
wine  grape  far  above  them.  Bunch  medium, 
very  compact,  almost  round;  berry  medium  to 
large,  dark  amber-colored  or  brownish  red,  flesh 
pulpy  and  foxy,  sweet,  skin  thick.  Berries  apt 
to  drop  from  the  bunch  when  ripe.  Kipens 
early — about  two  weeks  before  Catawba.  Vine 
of  luxuriant  growth,  hardy  and  productive,  free 
from  rot.  Its  must  will  probably  be  found  val- 
uable to  mix,  in  small  proportion,  with  some 
other  variety  to  which  it  would  impart,  we  be- 
lieve, a  fine  Muscat  flavor. 

North  Carolina.  {Labr.}  This  seedling 
originated  with  that  veteran  pomologist,  J.  B. 
Garber.  of  Columbia,  Pennsylvania;  belongs  to 
the  Isabella  type,  and  is  a  showy  market  grape 
of  fair  quality.  Bunch  medium  to  large,  occa- 
sionally shouldered,  moderately  compact; 
berries  large,  oblong,  black  with  slight  blue 
bloom;  flesh  pulpy  but  sweet;  skin  thick; 


68 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  SEEDLING. 


hangs  well  to  the  bunch,  and  will  keep  well  and 
carry  to  market  in  good  condition.  Ripens 
early,  coloring  a  few  days  before  the  Concord. 
Vine  an  enormous  grower,  hardy,  healthy,  and 
very  productive;  requires  long  pruning  and 
"  plenty  to  do."  Roots  abundant,  thick,  firm, 
with  a  tolerably  hard  liber;  seems  a  good  resist- 
ant to  Phylloxera.  Canes  of  medium  thickness, 
long  and  rambling,  with  an  average  comple- 
ment of  laterals.  Wood  firm  with  a  medium 
pith.  The  initiated  can  also  make  a  good  Mus- 
catell  wine  of  it.  Must,  84°. 


Norton,  or  Norton's  Virginia*  Origin- 
ated from  seed  of  a  wild  grape  (from  the  forests 
in  Hanover  county,  Virginia)  in  the  garden  of 
Dr.  D.  N.  Norton,  an  amateur  horticulturist 
near  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  was  introduced 
by  him  to  public  notice  about  forty-five  years 
ago.  It  made  but  little  progress  until  about 
twenty-five  years  ago,  when  Mr.  Heinrichs  and 
Dr.  Kehr  brought  it,  each  a  few  sprigs,  to  our 
Herman  vine-dressers.  This  little  insignificant 
looking  grape,  pronounced  worthless  by  Mr. 
Longworth,  the  father  of  American  grape  cul- 


DESCEIPTION  OP  VARIETIES. 


ture,  has,  nevertheless,  become  the  great  and 
leading  variety  for  red  wine,  not  merely  in 
Missouri,  where  its  superior  qualities  were 
first  appreciated  and  brought  out  in  full  splen- 
dor, and  in  its  native  State,  but  far  and  near, 
wherever  grape  vines  are  planted;  and  it  is 
now  so  popular  that  it  will  be  difficult  to 
make  our  grape  growers  believe  a  variety  still 
superior  to  the  Norton  can  be  found.  And  yet 
we  claim  this  for  the  "Cynthiana." 

The  bunch  of  the  Norton  is  long,  compact  and 
shouldered;  berry  small,  black,  with  dark  blu- 
ish red  juice,  almost  without  pulp  when  fully 
ripe;  sweet  and  brisk.  Eipens  late  in  October. 
Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy  and  productive 
when  well  established,  but  very  impatient  of 
transplanting,  and  exceedingly  difficult  to  prop- 
agate. Roots  tough  and  wiry.  Liber  thin  and 
hard,  of  great  resistance  to  the  Phylloxera. 
Canes  vigorous,  of  medium  thickness  and  good 
length.  Wood  very  hard,  with  a  small  pith  and 
firm  outer  bark.  Wherever  the  season  will 
admit  of  a  thorough  and  perfect  ripening  of  its 
fruit,  the  Norton  will  succeed  in  almost  any 
soil.  In  rich  bottoms  it  comes  early  into  bear- 
ing, and  is  enormously  productive — on  high 
hills  with  rather  poor  soil  and  southern  aspects 
it  is  tardy  in  coming  into  bearing,  but  produces 
there  the  richest  wine,  of  great  body  and  supe- 
rior medical  qualities.*  It  has  quite  a  peculiar 
cofleine  flavor  which  at  first  seems  unpleasant  to 
many,  but  which,  like  coffee,  endears  itself  to 
our  taste.  Must,  105°— 110°. 

From  Norton's  seed  two  most  promising 
white  grapes  have  lately  been  raised,  almost 
simultaneously:  One  by  old  Langendorfer,  at 
Hermann,  Missouri;  the  other  by  J.  Balsiger  of 
Highland,  Illinois.  These  and  the  white  Her- 
mann seedling  (see  Herm.}  are  the  first  white 
pure  2Estivalis  we  know  of,  and  these  may  be- 
come as  valuable  for  white  wines  as  Norton's 
and  Cynthiana  are  for  red  wines.  They  are 
very  late,  ripening  even  later  than  Norton's, 
and  thus  will  not  be  adapted  for  locations  north 
of  St.  Louis,  but  the  more  valuable  for  the  South. 
They  have  not  yet  been  named,  and  will  not  be 
disseminated  until  fully  tested ;  and  unless  they 
prove  excellent  in  quality,  perfectly  healthy  and 
hardy  and  very  prolific,  they  will  not  be  brought 
out  by  us. 

Oporto.  (Cord-}  Of  the  same  species  as  the  Tay- 
lor's Bullit;  a  true  native  with  a  foreign  name. 
JBunches  small,  usually  very  imperfect;  lerries  small, 
black,  harsh  and  very  acid ;  considered  a  very  poor 


*It  is  the 
eases 


is  the  great  remedy  here  for  dysentery  and  dis- 
of  the  bowels. 


variety  by  Mr.  Fuller.     "  Of  no   value,  a  complete 
humbug. '  '—Huemann. 

Regarded  as  a  valuable  wine  grape  by  Gov.  R.  ff.  Fur- 
nas  of  Nebraska,  who  says  (Report  to  Am.  Pomologfcal 
Society,  1871)  "My  vines  (of  Oporto)  have  never  failed 
to  give  a  fine  crop;  last  year  I  picked  eleven  hundred 
good  bunches  fron  one  vine  five  years  old.  It  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly rampant  grower,  and,  as  a  rule,  the  bunch 
not  compact,  bearing  the  fruit  on  until  alter  first  frosts 
in  fall.  I  have  found  the  Oporto  to  give  a  first  class 
yield  of  very  good  wine,  greatly  improved  by  age." 
Governor,  that  is  too  good  to  be  believed ! 

Onondaga.  A  seedling  originated  in  Fayetteville, 
Onondaga  county,  N.  Y. ;  a  cross  between  the  Diana 
and  the  Delaware ;  said  to  combine  in  some  degree  the 
flavor  of  both,  ripening  at  the  same  time  as  Delaware, 
and  to  be  a  late  keeper.  Jts  appearance  is  eorlu.mly 
very  fine,  resembling  Diavi,  Should  it  prove  as  good 
and  healthy  as  its  origi  .iior  claims,  it  would  indeed  be 
a  valuable  acquisition,  as  a  market  grape.  Not  dissem- 
inated. 

Othello,  (  Arnold's  Hybrid  No .  1 .)  A  cross 
from  what  is  called  Clinton  in  Canada  (but  not 
the  true  Clinton)  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of 
Black  Hamburg.  Described  in  the  Am.  Hort. 
Annual  for  1868,  as  follows:  "Bunch  and  berry 
very  large,  much  resembling  the  Black  Ham- 
burg in  appearance.  Black  with  a  fine  bloom. 
Skin  thin,  the  flesh  very  solid,  but  not  pulpy; 
flavor  pure  and  sprightly,  but  in  the  specimens 
we  have  seen  rather  acid.  Ripening  with  the 
Delaware." 

Our  experience  with  it  has  not  been  as  favora- 
ble as  we  expected.  The  vines  proved  good 
growers,  with  beautiful,  large,  deeply  lobed, 
smooth  foliage,,  but  not  very  productive.  The 
bunches  by  no  means  resemble  the  Black  Ham- 
burg in  appearance ;  nor  are  they  as  good  in 
quality  as  Mr.  Arnold's  other  Hybrids. 

Ohio.  Syn.  SEGAR-BOX,  LONGWORTH'S  OHIO, 
BLACK-SPANISH  ALABAMA;  is  now  understood  to  be 
identical  with  the  "Jaques' '  or  "  Jack,"  introduced  and 
cultivated  near  Natchez,  Mississippi,  by  an  old  Span- 
iard of  the  name  of  Jaques.  It  used  to  be  grown  in 
Ohio,  where  the  stock  originated  from  a  few  cuttings 
left  in  a  segar  box,  by  some  unknown  person,  at  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
This  variety  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention  for  some 
time  on  account  of  its  large,  long  lunches  (often  ten  to 
fifteen  inches  long,  rather  loose,  tapering,  shouldered), 
and  its  good  quality;  its  bewies  are  small,  round,  skin 
thin,  purple  with  a  blue  bloom,  flesh  tender,  melting, 
without  pulp,  brisk  and  vinous.  The  wood  is  strong, 
long  jointed,  lighter  red  than  that  of  the  Norton's  Vir- 
ginia, and  smooth  with  peculiarly  pointed  buds. 
Leaves  large,  tnlobed.  At  first  it  was  also  a  good 
bearer,  but  soon  mildew  and  rot  affected  it  so  badly 
that  it  was  of  no  use,  even  when  grown  upon  walls 
with  protection.  Downing  (Fruit  and  F .  trees  of  Am.) 
said  "it  is  most  likely  a  foreign  sort,  and,  except  in  a 
few  locations,  a  sandy  soil  and  a  mild  climate,  it  is  not 


70 


BUSHBEBG  CATALOGUE. 


likely  to  succeed."  But  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  whom  we 
have  to  thank  for  valuable  information  on  this  and 
many  other  varieties,  says  "I  always  considered  the 
Ohio  or  Segar-Box,  from  it*  fruit,  habit  of  growth  and 
foliage,  as  of  the  same  family  as  Herbemont,  Lenoir,  El- 
sinburgh,  and  that  class  of  small,  black,  southern 
grapes."  Friend  Sam  Miller,  ot  Bluffton,  Missouri, 
writes  us:  "The  Ssgar-Box,  or  Long  worth's  Ohio,  I 
had  in  the  East  for  years,  but  never  grew  a  perfect 
bunch.  It  was  not  hardy  in  vine,  and  the  fruit  both 
mildewed  and  rotted.  Here  it  would  perhaps  be  as  free 
from  disease  as  Herbemont  or  Cunningham,  to  which 
class  it  evidently  belongs."  When  ripe  it  is  an  excellent 
grape.  A  few  vines  sent  years  ago,  under  the  names 
of  "Jaques"  or  "Ohio,"  to  France,  by  P.  J.  Berck- 
mans  of  Georgia,  proved  very  fine  and  valuable,  per- 
fectly resisting  Phylloxera,  having  remained  healthy 
in  the  midst  of  vineyards  destroyed  by  the  root  louse. 


PERKINS. 


This  attracted  great  attention  and  gave  importance  to 
this  variety.  But  when  Mr.  Berckmans  was  asked  for 
more  of  these  vines,  he  stated  that  he  had  none,  and 
that  their  culture  had  been  entirely  abandoned.  The 
above  description  by  our-most  experienced  and  reliable 
horticulturists,  makes  it  more  than  doubtful  that  these 
vines,  succeeding  so  well  in  the  vineyards  of  Mr.  Borty 
at  Eoquemare,  and  of  Mr.  Laliman,  near  Bordeaux, 
were  the  "Ohio"  or  "Jaques."— After  considerable 
research  we  find,  moreover,  that  Mr.  G.  Onderdonk, 
the  pioneer  fruit-grower  of  Western  Texas,  describes 
the  Lenoir  (original  stock  of  which  he  had  obtained  from 
Berckmans)  as  follows:  " 'Bunches  large,  long,  loose; 
berries  small,  black,  round;  no  pulp;  vinous  and  much 
coloring  matter;  leaves  lobed;  a  fine  bearer  and  wine 
grape.  And  we  would  add  that  the  leaf  and  habit  ex- 
actly resemble  those  of  the  Black  Spanish.  We  have 
never  planted  a  variety  that  grew  off  better  than  this 
variety  has  done  during  the  two  years 
we  have  had  it  in  cultivation.  In  1873 
we  gathered  fruit  from  this  variety  that 
had  been  ripe  seventy  days  on  the  vine." 
From  these  facts  we  strongly  incline  to 
believe  that  this  Lenoir  is  the  very  variety 
our  friends  in  France  are  looking  for. 

Pauline:  Syn.  BURGUNDY  OF 
GEORGIA,  RED  LENOIR.  A  south- 
ern grape,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
Lenoir.  Said  to  be  superior  for  both 
wine  and  the  table.  Of  little  value 
at  the  North,  where  it  does  not  ripen 
or  grow  well.  Bunch  large,  long, 
tapering,  shouldered ;  berries  below 
medium,  compact,  pale  amber  or 
violet,  with  a  lilac  bloom;  flesh 
brisk,  vinous,  sweet  and  aromatic. 
"  The  most  delicious  grape  we  have 
seen." — Onderdonk.  Growth  mod- 
erate and  peculiar,  comes  late  into 
bearing.  Sometimes  sheds  a  part  of 
its  leaves  too  early.  Onderdonk  be- 
lieves it  to  be  a  Hybrid  and  not  a 
pure  ^Estivalis.  (See  also  Bottsi.) 

Perkins.  (Labr.}  Origin,  Mass. 
Resembles  somewhat,  in  general  ap- 
pearance, the  Diana,  a  valuable, 
very  early  market  grape,  as  it  is 
showy,  which  is  more  important  for 
our  markets  than  fine  quality ;  be- 
sides, tastes  differ,  and  to  many 
tastes,  its  strong  fox  or  musk  flavor 
is  not  disagreeable ;  bunch  medium 
to  large,  shouldered;  berries  me- 
dium, oblong,  often  flattened  by 
their  compactness,  greenish-white 
at  first,  then  of  a  fine,  pale  lilac  color 
when  fully  ripe,  with  a  thin,  white 
bloom;  flesh  rather  pulpy,  sweet, 
juicy;  skin  thick;  ripens  a  few 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


71 


days  after  Hartford  Prolific  and  before  Dela- 
ware; vine  a  vigorous  grower,  healthy  and 
productive. 

Pollock.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  Mr.  Pollock,  Tremont, 
N.  Y.  Bunches  large  as  Concord,  compact;  berries 
large,  dark  purple  or  black;  flesh  free  of  pulp,  vinous, 
not  too  sweet. — Strong. 

Putnam,  or  Rickett's  Delaware  Seedling  No.  2. 
Cross  between  Delaware  and  Concord;  very  early;  said 
to  be  sweet,  rich  and  good;  must  stood  80°  saccharome- 
ter;  4%  per  mill.  acid. 

Quassaick.  A  Hybrid  of  Clinton  and  Muscat- 
Hamburg,  by  Mr.  Rickett,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  It  has 
a  large  bunch,  shouldered;  berries  above  medium,  oval, 
black,  with  a  blue  bloom;  flesh  very  sweet,  juicy  and 
rich;  vine  healthy  and  productive.—^.  JS.  Elliott. 

Kua be.  Some  say  it  is  a  Hybrid  between  Labrusca 
and  JEstivalis  or  Vinifera,  but  Strong  describes  it  as  a 
cross  between  Elsinburg  and  Bland,  which  is  probably 
correct.  Raised  by  Peter  Raabe,  near  Philadelphia; 
thought  to  be  hardy,  but  was  onlv  moderately  vigorous 
and  proved  quite  unprofitable.  Bunches  small,  compact, 
rarely  shouldered;  berry  below  medium  size,  round, 
dark  red,  thickly  covered  with  bloom;  flesh  very  juicy, 
with  scarcely  any  pulp;  flavor  saccharine,  with  a  good 
deal  of  the  Catawba  aroma;  quality  "best." — Ad.  Int. 
Rep. 

Raritan.  Rickett's  Delaware  Seedling  No.  1.  A 
cross  of  Concord  and  Delaware.  Plant  moderately  vig- 
orous, hardy,  short  jointed;  lunch  medium,  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  round,  black;  leaves  of  medium  size, 
lobed,  veined  or  corrugated;  flesh  juicy  and  vinous; 
ripens  about  the  time  of  Delaware,  and  commences  to 
shrivel  as  soon  as  ripe.  Its  originator,  Mr.  J.  H.  Rick- 
ett, of  Newburg,  N.  Yv  claims  that  this  is  a  superior 
wine  grape,  its  must  coming  up  to  114°  on  Oechsle's 
scale,  and  7  mill,  acid  by  Twitchell's  Acidometer.  In 
1871  Mr.  Rickett  reported  to  the  Am.  Pom.  Society, 
105°  saccharometer;  9>£  acid;  "of  course  too  much 
acid." 

Rebecca.  {Labr.)  An  accidental  seedling, 
found  in  the  garden  of  E.  M.  Peake,  of  Hudson, 
N.  Y.  It  is.  one  of  our  finest  white  grapes,  but 
unfortunately  very  tender  in  winter,  subject  to 
mildew,  of  weak  growth,  deficient  foliage,  not 
productive.  On  south  walls,  in  well  protected 
situations,  with  dry  soil  and  good  culture,  it 
succeeded,  however,  very  well,  and  produced 
most  delicious  white  grapes  in  some  localities. 
Bunches  medium,  compact,  not  shouldered; 
berries  medium,  obovate ;  skin  thin,  pale  green, 
tinged  with  yellow  or  pale  amber  color  at  full 
maturity,  covered  with  a  thin  white  bloom,  con- 
siderably translucent.  Flesh  tender,  juicy,  free 
from  pulp,  sweet,  with  a  peculiar  musky  and 
luscious  aroma,  distinct  from  any  other  grape ; 
seeds  small;  leaves  of  scarcely  medium  size, 
very  deeply  lobed,  and  sharply  serrated.  Suited 
only  to  amateur  culture. 


Rentz.  (Labr.)  A  Cincinnati  seedling, 
produced  by  the  late  Sebastian  Rentz,  a  most 
successful  vintner.  Claimed  to  be  equal,  if  not 
superior  to  Ives.  A  large,  rather  coarse  black 
grape,  very  vigorous  and  healthy  in  vine  and 
foliage,  and  very  productive.  Bunch  large, 
compact,  often  shouldered ;  berry  large,  round, 
black;  flesh  rather  pulpy  and  musky,  with 
abundant  sweet  juice.  Ripens  earlier  than  Ives 
seedling,  but  is  not  good  enough  to  be  recom- 
mended. Valuable  as  a  stock  for  grafting. 
Roots  thick,  with  a  smooth,  firm  liber,  readily 
pushing  young  rootlets,  of-  strong  resistance  to 
Phylloxera ;  canes  thick,  but  not  very  long  nor 
rambling.  Wood'  hard,  with  a  medium  pith. 

Requa.  (Rogers'  No.  28.)  A  fine,  table 
grape.  Mr.  Wilder,  who  had  a  better  opportu- 
nity than  most  men,  to  form  an  accurate  opinion 
of  the  merits  of  these  Hybrids,  and  is  without 
doubt  the  most  reliable  source,  described  it  in 
the  Grape  Culturist  as  follows : 

"  Vine  tolerably  vigorous,  and  quite  produc- 
tive ;  bunch  large,  shouldered ;  berry  medium, 
size,  roundish;  skin  thin ;  flesh  tender  and  sweet 
with  a  trace  of  the  native  flavor ;  color  bronzy 
green,  assuming  a  dull  brown  red  at  maturity; 
season  middle  of  September.  A  grape  of  fine 
quality,  but  subject  to  rot  in  unfavorable  sea- 
sons." 

Riesenblatt.  (Giant-leaf.)  A  chance  seedling  of 
some  ^Estivalis  grape  that  grows  on  Mr.  M.  Poeschles' 
vineyard  at  Hermann,  Mo.  The  v^ae  is  hardy,  healthy 
and  productive;  an  enormous  grower  and  a  truly  gi- 
gantic leaf.  A  small  quantity  of  wine  made  from  its 
grape  by  Messrs.  Poeschel  and  Sherer  has  a  Madeira 
character,  resembling  Hermann;  color  dark  brown. 

This  variety  has  not  been  disseminated  and  conse- 
quently has  not  been  tried  outside  of  Hermann. 

12 11 1  a  Eider,  or  St.  Gene  vie  ve.  Syn. 
AMOUREUX,  RED  ELBEN.  What  we  call  here 
the  Rulander  is  not  the  same  vine  known  by 
that  name  in  the  neighborhood  of  Metz,  Ger- 
many, but  is  claimed  to  be  a  seedling  from  a 
foreign  grape  brought  by  the  early  French  set- 
tlers to  the  Western  bank  of  the  lower  Missis- 
sippi (Ste.  Genevieve).  Mr.  Husmann,  how- 
ever, believes  it  to  be  a  native  belonging  to  the 
southern  division  of  the  .^Estivalis  class,  entirely 
different  in  foliage,  wood  and  fruit  from  the 
Vitis  Vinifera.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  certainly 
is  one  of  our  most  valuable  wine  grapes.  Bunch 
rather  small,  very  compact,  shouldered ;  berry 
small,  dark  purple,  black,  without  pulp,  juicy, 
sweet  and  delicious ;  not  subject  to  rot  or  mil- 
dew. Vine  a  strong,  vigorous,  short  jointed 
grower,  with  heart-shaped,  light  green,  smooth 


72 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


leaves,  hanging  on  till  late  in  November;  very 
healthy  and  hardy,  but  requires  covering  in 
winter.  It  has  very  tough,  strong  roots  with  a 
firm,  smooth  liber,  not  subject  to  injury  by 
Phylloxera ;  wood  very  hard,  with  a  small  pith 
and  firm  outer  bark.  And  although  it  will  not 
bear  big  crops,  it  makes  up  in  quality  as  a  wine 
grape,  what  it  may  lack  in  quantity.  It  makes 
an  excellent  pale  red,  or  rather  brownish  wine, 
closely  resembling  sherry,  which  was  repeatedly 
awarded  a  first  premium,  as  the  best  light  col- 
ored wine.  Must  100°— 110°. 

Rogers'  Hybrids.  Those  of  Mr- 
Rogers'  valuable  seedlings  to  whom  he 
has  given  names  in  place  of  numbers,  by 
which  they  have  hitherto  been  desig- 
nated, have  been  placed,  in  alphabetical 
order,  in  their  appropriate  places  ;*  but 
there  are  some  remaining  numbers  yet 
unnamed,  which  deserve  a  name.  (See 
also  Aminia,  probably  "No.  39.) 

No.  2.  One  of  the  largest  of  all  his 
Hybrids.  Bunch  and  berry  very  large, 
dark  purple,  nearly  black ;  late  in  ripen- 
ing, and  in  flavor  somewhat  like  the  Ca- 
tawba.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower  and 
very  productive. 

No.  5.  Not  yet  fruited  here.  Mr. 
Geo.  W.  Campbell  says : 

"  One  of  the  finest  of  Rogers'  Hybrids, 
and  deserving  to  be  better  known. 
Bunch  medium  to  large,  moderately  com- 
pact; berries  large,  round,  red,  sweet 
and  rich ;  free  from  foxiness  and  in  qual- 
ity one  of  the  very  best.  Vine  perfectly 
hardy  and  healthy,  but  not  as  strong  a 
grower  as  some  others.'*' 

No.  8.  Considered  by  Mr,  Husmann 
as  one  of  the  best,  and  valuable  for  wine 
making  purposes,  he  describes  it  as  fol- 
lows: "Bunch  and  berry  large;  color 
pale  red,  but  the  fully  matured  berries  a 
deep  coppery  red,  with  fine  light  gray 
bloom ;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  with  pleasant 
flavor,  and  almost  entirely  free  from 
pulp.  Skin  about  the  same  thickness  as 
Catawba.  Vine  a  strong,  vigorous 
grower,  with  broad,  thick  and  coarse 
foliage.  Hardy  and  productive."  We 
do  not  think  so  much  of  these  Hybrids,  and  we 
fear  that  their  ROOTS  are  not  sufficiently  resist- 
ive to  Phylloxera. 


•No.  l.  Goethe 
No.  8.  Massasoit. 
No.  4.  Wilder. 
No.  9.  Lindley. 


No.  14.  Gaertner. 
No.  15.  Agawam. 
No .  19.  Merrimac. 
No.  28.  Bequa. 


No.  41.  Essex. 
No.  43.  Barry. 

No.  44.  Herbert. 
No.  53.  Salem. 


Salem  (Rogers'  No.  53.)  Like  Agawam 
(No.  15)  and  Wilder  (No.  4),  this  is  a  Hybrid 
between  a  native  (Wild  Mammoth),  the  female, 
and  the  Black  Hamburg,  the  male  parent. 
Bunch  large  and  compact,  broad,  shouldered; 
berry  large  as  Hamburg,  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  of  a  light  chestnut  or  catawba 
color;  flesh  tolerably  tender,  sweet,  with  rich, 
aromatic  flavor ;  a  little  foxiness  to  the  smell 
which  is  not  perceptible  to  the  taste ;  considered 
in  quality  one  of  the  best ;  skin  rather  thick ; 
seeds  large ;  ripens  as  early  as  Concord ;  it  also 


ROGERS'  HYBRID  NO.  8. 

keeps  well.  Vine  very  vigorous,  healthy ;  foli- 
age large,  strong  and  abundant;  wood  of  a 
lighter  color  than  most  of  the  Rogers  grapes. 
Thd  roots  are  of  medium  thickness,  branching, 
with  smooth,  firm  liber,  and  have  more  of  the 
native  character  than  most  other  Hybrids ;  they 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VAKIETIES. 


73 


seem  to  resist  the  Phylloxera  as  well  as  most 
Labrusca  varieties ;  the  Salem  can  be  propagated 
from  cuttings  with  remarkable  ease,  and  its 
vigor  of  growth  in  the  shoots  has  hardly  a  par- 
allel among  Hybrids.  Wood  rather  firm  with 
a  moderate  pith. 

Ricketts'  Seedling  Grapes.  Mr.  J.  H. 
Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  has  worked 
for  the  last  eight  years  or  more,  with  an  en- 
ergetic desire  to  produce  by  hybridization, 
some  better  grapes  for  out-door  or  vineyard 
culture  in  this  country,  than  any  we  have,  and 
his  collection  of  new  seedlings,  (now  75  in  num- 
ber) is  really  remarkable  both  for  great  variety 
and  superior  quality,  but  as  he  does  not  grow 
them  on  a  large  scale  himself,  nor  put  them 
on  the  market  that  others  may  do  so,  their 
hardiness  and  productiveness  has  not  been 
tested  ;  to  judge  by  what  we  have  heard  from 
the  few  who  were  favored  with  some  grafts, 
we  fear  they  are  not  hardy,  and  are  very  much 
subject  to  rot.  But  this  may  apply  only  to  his 
hybrids,  congenerous  with  foreign  varieties, 
while  some  of  his  crosses  between  purely  native 
varieties  may  be  quite  hardy  and  healthy.  We 
certainly  wish  it,  for  we  can  testify  to  the  great 
excellence  in  quality  of  those  of  Mr.  Ricketts' 
seedlings  which  we  were  allowed  to  taste  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Am,  Pomological  Society  at 
Boston  (Sept.  1873).  Most  of  them  are  desig- 
nated only  by  numbers;  (Clinton  No.  3  and  24  ; 
Nos.  32  and  157  similar  to  white  Chasselas; 
Nos.  71  A  and  87  B,  white,  with  a  delicate 
Muscat  flavor;  No.  48,  seedling  from  Delaware, 
and  No.  12  B,  we  regarded  as  the  most  promis- 
ing, and  we  offered  $100  for  two  young  vines  of 
each  of  them,  but  Mr.  Ricketts  desires  to  sell 
the  Stock.*  Those  which  have  been  named,  so 
far,  will  be  found  in  this  catalogue,  with  such 
descriptive  notes  as  we  could  obtain. 

Secretary.  Obtained  by  J.  H.  Ricketts, 
Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  by  crossing  th«  Clinton 
with  Muscat  Hamburgh.  Vine  vigorous, 
hardy.  Bunch  large,  moderately  compact, 
shouldered,  with  a  large,  black,  roundish 
oval  "berry.  Its  peduncle  red  at  the  base  when 
drawn  from  the  berry.  Flesh  juicy,  sweet, 
meaty,  slightly  vinous.  Must  93°  saccharo- 
meter;  73^  per  mill.  acid.  Foliage  like  Clin ten 
but  thicker,  and  about  the  same  size. 

Schiller.     One  of  Muench's   seedlings  of 
the  ^Louisiana.      Vine  perfectly  hardy,  a  vig- 
orous grower,  healthy  and,  so  far,  more  pro- 
ductive than}  iie  other  seedlings.    Fruit  of  a  purplish 
blue  color,  but  light  juice;  otherwise  quite  similar  to 
his  Humboldt. 

Seneca.  Very  similar  to  (it  not  identical  with) 
Hartford.  First  exhibited  at  Hammondsport,  N.  Y., 
m  October,  1867,  by  Mr.  K.  Simpson,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y. 
Highly  recommended  by  T.  S.  flubbard.  N.  Y.,not 
known  in  the  West. 

*  We  are  just  notified  (February,  187.")),  that  Messrs. 
Hauce  &  Sons  have  purchased  the  entire  stock  of  several 
of  these  new  seedling  grapes  for  propagation. 


St.  Catherine.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  James  W. 
Clark,  Framingham,  Mass.  Bunch  large,  rather  com- 
pact berries  large,  chocolate  color,  rather  sweet,  tough, 
foxy.  Not  of  much  value.— Downing. 


THE 


Scuppernong.  Synonym:  YELLOW  MUSCADINE, 
WHITE  MUSCADINE,*  BULL,  BULLACE,  or  BULLET, 
ROANOKE,  (Vitis  Vulpinaor  V.  Rotundifolm).  This  is 
purely  and  exclusively  a  southern  grape;  in  South  Car- 
olina, Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  in 
parts  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Ar- 


*The  black  or  purple  grapes  of  this  class  are  often  incor- 
rectly  called  ''Black  Pcuppemon?.  "  Southern  horticultur- 
ists designate  them  by  different  names:  Flowers,  Mish, 
Thomas,  etc. 


74 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


kansas— it  is  quite  a  favorite,  producing  annual- 
ly large  and  sure  crops,  requiring  scarcely  any 
care  or  labor.  It  is  entirely  exempt  from  mil- 
dew, rot  or  any  of  the  diseases  so  disastrous  to 
the  northern  species,  entirely  exempt  also  from 
Phylloxera;  but  it  cannot  be  grown  north  of 
the  Carolinas,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  nor 
even  in  Texas.  Mr.  Onderdonk,  whose  nurser- 
ies are  farther  south  than  any  other  in  the 
United  States,  says  about  the  Scuppernong 
grapes:  "We  have  repeatedly  tried  it,  and  as 
frequently  failed."— JF<?  would  not  attempt  to 
grow  it,  even  if  we  could,  as  we  can  raise  by  far 
superior  grapes. 

We  are  aware  that  Southerners  are  very  sen- 
sitive, and  deem  it  unjust  partiality,  if  not  an 
insult,  to  say  anything  against  their  favorite, 
the  Scuppernong—  "a  Divine  Gift" 
"Sent  in  the  night  time  of  sorrow  and  care. 

To  bring  back  the  joy  that  the  South  used  to  wear." 

Most  heartily  wishing  that  joy  be  brought 
back  to  our  afflicted  South,  we  would  therefore 
refrain  from  any  remarks  in  derogation  of  this 
Divine  gift,  had  it  not  been  attempted  to  palm 
upon  the  distressed  people  of  France  the  Scup- 
pernong as  the  only  salvation  for  reconstruct- 
ing their  noble  vineyards  (Le  Phylloxera  et  les 
Vignes  Americaines  par  M.  C.  Le  Hardy  de 
Beaulieu).  We  shall  quote,  however,  none  but 
Southern  authorities  and  cultivators  of  the  Scuppernong. 

P.  J.  JBerclcmans,  of  Georgia:  <;I  could  not  say  too 
much  in  praise  of  the  Scuppernong  as  a  wine  grape.  It 
is  one  of  those  things  that  never  fail.  Of  course  1  do  not 
compare  it  with  the  Delaware  and  other  fine  flavored  grapes ; 
but  the  question  is,  where,  where  shall  we  find  a  grape 
that  will  give  us  a  profit?  We  have  it  in  the  Scupper- 
nong.  It  cannot  be  grown  as  far  north  as  Norfolk."— 
Am.  Pom.  Society,  1873. 

J.  H.  Carkton,  El  Dorado,  Arkansas:  "The  fruit  is 
so  healthy  that  it  has  never  been  known  to  make  any 
one  sick,  unless  he  swallowed  the  hulls,  which  are  very 
indigestible.  I  made  some  Scuppernong  wine  last  year 
with  very  little  sugar  (\%  Ibs.  to  the  gallon  must),  and 
although  the  grapes  were  not  near  so  ripe  as  they 
should  have  been.it  has  a  fine  body.  *  *  *  It 
is  called  by  some  the  'lazy  man's  grape. '  I  admit  the 
charge  and  prize  it  the  more  on  that  account." 

Jno.  R.  Ealcin,  Washington,  Arkansas;  "I  scarcely 
know  what  to  say  of  this  nondescript,  which  is  called 
a  grape.  It  is  a  coarse,  tough-skinned  berry,  with  a 
sweetish,  musky  flavor.  The  vine  takes  care  of  itself. 
Does  not  require  and  will  net  sutfer  pruning ;  bears 
abundantly  and  has  no  diseases.  With  sugar  it  makes 
a  very  wholesome  and  palatable  dry  wine,  and  when 
"tomahawked"  with  apple  brandy  (shall  I  confess  it?) 
is  glorious  to  take.  I  scarcely  think  it  a  grape,  but 
still  a  most  useful  fruit  sui  generis,  and  I  hope  will  be 
cultivated  extensively  by  those  who  have  no  inclina- 
tion for  the  more  troublesome,  and  I  must  say,  the  more 
exquisite  'bunch  grapes,'  as  it  is  the  habit  of  its  friends 
to  call  the  fferbemont,  the  Catawba  and  others.  Each 
to  his  taste." 

A.  C  Coolc,  of  Georgia:  "It  is  deficient  both  in  *ugar 
and  acid,  as  it  rates  at  about  10  per  cent  of  the  first, 
4permflle  of  the  latter. "—Grape  Culturist,  July,  1870. 


SCUPPERNONG. 

The  Scuppernong  grape  was  di«covered  by  the  colony 
of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  1554,  on  the  Island  of  Roa- 
noke,  N.  C.,  and  the  original  vine  is  said  to  6ti;l  exist 
there,  being  over  oOO  years  of  age.  In  app  arance, 
wood,  fruit  and  hab  t,  it  is  entirely  distinct,  or  'unique' 
as  Mr.  Van  JBuren  calls  it,  saying:  "  There  is  a  resem- 
blance between  the  V.  Yinifera,  Labru«ca,  JEstivalis, 
Cordifolia;  they  will  all  intermingle,  producing  Hybrids, 
but  none  of  them  can  ever  be  crossed  with  the  V.  Ro- 
tundifolia,  which  blooms  two  months  later  than  either 
of  the  foregoing  varieties.  The  odor  of  the  Scupper- 
nong when  ripening  is  delicious,  and  entirely  distinct 
from  the  nigger  stink  of  the  Fox  grape  family." 
(Northerners  must  not  be  sensitive!)  The  growth  of 
the  vine,  or  rather  the  space  over  which  its  branches 
extend  in  a  series  of  years,  is  almo  t  fabulous.  The 
bark  of  the  Scuppernong  is  smooth,  of  a  greyish  ashey 
color,  variegated  with  many  small,  dot-like  specks  of 
lighter  hue;  the  wood  is  hard,  close-textured,  firm;  the 
roots  white  or  creamy.  The  leaves,  before  dropping  in 
autumn,  become  of  a  brilliant  yellow. 

Bunch  or  cluster  consisting  usually  of  only  about  4 
to  6,  rarely  more,  large,  thick  skinned,  pulpy  berries. 
These  are  ripening  in  August  and  September;  not  all 
at  the  same  time,  but  are  falling  off  successively  when 
ripe,  by  shaking  the  vine,  and  they  are  thus  gathered 
from  the  ground.  Color  yellowish,  somewhat  bronzed 
when  fully  ripe.  The  pulp  is  sweet,  juicy,  vinous, 
with  a  musky  scent  and  flavor — a  delicate  perfume  to 
some  tastes,  repugnant  to  others.  With  the  addition  of 
sugar  or  spirits,  or  both,  it  makes  a  good,  pleasant  cor- 
dial of  fine  aroma.  The  French  wme  judges  at  the 
Congres  held  in  1874  atMontpellier,  pronounced  all  toe 
Scuppernong  wines  there  "fort  peu  agreable,"  some 
even  "d'un  gout  desagreable." 


DESCRIPTION  OF  YAKIETIES. 


75 


Senasqua.  A  hybrid  raised  by 
Stephen  Underbill,  Croton  Point,  N. 
Y.,  from  Concord  and  Black  Prince. 
Seed  was  planted  in  1863  and  tbe  vine 
bore  its  first  fruit  in  1865.  Bunch  and 
berry  varying  from  medium  to  large ; 
the  bunch  is  very  compact,  so  much  so, 
as  to  cause  the  berries  to  crack ;  color 
black  with  blue  blaom;  quality  best. 
The  fruit  has  the  peculiar  fleshy  char- 
acter of  certain  foreign  grapes,  with  a 
brisk,  vinous  flavor.  The  vine  is  vig- 
orous and  productive,  in  rich  soil ; 
moderately  hardy.  The  leaf  is  very 
firm,  and  shows  no  trace  of  foreign  or- 
igin, except  when  it  ripens,  at  which 
time,  instead  of  the  yellow  of  the  Con- 
cord it  takes  on  the  crimson  color  of 
the  mature  leaf  of  the  Black  Prince. 
With  us,  at  Bushberg,  it  did  not  suc- 
ceed so  well,  and  is  not  near  as  desira- 
ble as  Underbill's  new  grapes,  the 
Black  Eagle  and  Black  Defiance.  The 
originator  himself  does  not  recommend 
the  Senasqua  as  a  profitable  grape  for 
market  purposes,  as  it  is  rather  late  in 
ripening  (a  few  days  after  Concord), 
but  only  as  a  fine  and  valuable  ama- 
teur fruit.  As  such  it  is  of  first  rank, 
"of  the  highest  quality  to  those  who 
appreciate  life  and  brilliancy  in  a 
grape." — We  give  in  annexed  figure, 
the  likeness  of  a  medium-sized  cluster. 


Taylor  or  Bullit.  (often  called  Taylor's 
Bullit,)  (Cord.)  Introduced  to  notice  by  Judge 
Taylor,  of  Jericho,  Henry  County,  Kentucky. 
It  is  generally  considered  very  unproductive. 
It  seems  that  the  vines  of  this  variety  require 
age,  and  spur  pruning  on  old  wood  to  make  it 
produce  well.  Mr.  Husmann  says : 

"Give  the  vine  plenty  of 'room  and  plenty  to 
do,  i.  e.,  prune  it  long  and  we  think  it  will  bear 
satisfactory  crops  when  four  years  old." 

We  tried  it  in  vain. 

Mr.  Samuel  Miller  suggests  to  plant  the  Clin- 
ton among  Taylor  to  fertilize  them,  but  we  find 
the  benefits  resulting  from  this  system  also  in- 
sufficient to  balance  its  many  inconveniences ; 
and  yet  we  have  seen  Taylor  vines  grown  by 
themselves  on  the  "Souche"  plan  (the  shape  of 
a  small  weeping- willow  tree,  allowing  the  canes 
to  grow  from  the  top  and  not  from  the  base  of 
the  main  trunk,  spur  pruning  in  winter  but  not 
suppressing  the  growth  by  summer  pruning) 
produce  from  5  to  10  Ibs.  per  vine.  The  bunches 


SENASQUA. 

are  small,  but  compact  and  sometimes  shoul- 
dered; berry  small,  white  to  pale  amber,  turn- 
ing even  to  pale  red,  like  Delaware  when 
perfectly  ripe,  round,  sweet  and  without  pulp. 
Skin  translucent,  very  thin  but  tough.  Vine  a 
very  strong,  rampant  grower,  healthy  and  very 
hardy.  Roots  comparatively  few,  wiry  and 
very  tough,  with  a  thin,  hard  liber.  The  young 
spongioles  will  push  as  rapidly  as  the  Phyllox- 
era can  destroy  them ;  hence  .this  variety  pos- 
sesses great  power  of  resistance  to  the  insect. 
Its  wine  is  of  good  body  and  fine  flavor,  more 
closely  resembling  the  celebrated  Riesling  of 
the  Rhine  than  perhaps  any  other  of  our  Amer- 
ican varieties.  Some  very  promising  seedlings 
of  the  Taylor  are  now  introduced.  See  Elvira. 

Telegraph.  (La.br.)  A  seedling  raised  by 
a  Mr.  Christine,  near  Westchester,  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  and  named  by  P.  R.  Freas,  editor  of 
the  Germantown  Telegraph  (one  of  the  best 
agricultural  papers  in  the  East).  An  attempt 


76 


BUSHBEEG  CATALOGUE. 


was  afterwards  made  to  change  its  name  to 
Christine,  but  did  not  prevail.  Mr.  Sam.  Mil- 
ler, of  Bluffton,  says  it  is  one  of  the  most  prom- 
ising of  all  the  new  EARLY  grapes,  and  we  con- 
sider it  as  far  better  than  Hartford  Prolific. 
Bunch  medium,  very  compact,  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  oval,  black,  with  blue  bloom ; 
flesh  juicy,  with  very  little  pulp,  spicy  and  of 
good  quality ;  ripens  almost  as  early  as  Hart- 
ford Prolific.  A  constant  and  reliable  bearer, 
but  often  lost  by  rot,  especially  in  the  South- 
west. Vine  a  healthy,  vigorous  grower,  in  rich 
soil.  Roots  very  abundant,  heavy,  and  remark- 
ably fibrous,  with  thick  but  rather  firm  liber. 
Canes  stout,  of  average  length,  crooked  at  the 
joint,  with  the  usual  number  of  laterals.  Wood 
hard  with  medium  pith. 

Tlieodesia.  A  chance  seedling  in  the  grounds  of 
E.  S.  Salisbury,  Adams,  N.  Y.,  said  to  be  an  ^stivalis. 
According  to  Mr.  S.  the  lunch  is  very  compact;  berries 
black,  in  size  between  Delaware  and -Groveling,  quite 
tart,  very  early,  and  claimed  to  be  a  good  wine  grape. 
But  at  a  grape  test  held  at  Hanimondsport,  October  12, 
1870,  the  report  showed  for  Theodosia  the  lowest 
amount  of  sugar,  63)£Q  by  Oechsles'  scale,  with  over  11 
per  mill.  acid. 

Thomas.  A  new  variety  of  the  Scuppernong  species, 
discovered  and  introduced  by  Mr.  Drury  Thomas,  of 
S.  C.,  and  thus  described :  "  In  color  it  varies  from  red- 
dish purple  to  deep  black;  has  a  thin  skin;  sweet  and 
tender  flesh;  is  less  in  size  than  the  Scuppernong,  makes 
a  fine  wine,  and  is  superior  for  the  table.  Ripens  with 
the  Scupperuong. 

To-Kalou.  Syn:  WYMAN,  SPOFFORD  SDLG., 
CARTER.  (Labr.}  Originated  at  Lansingburg, 
N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  Spofibrd,  and  was  at  first  supposed 
to  be  identical  with  the  Catawba.  C.  Downing 
showed  that  it  was  entirely  distinct  and  at  first 
highly  recommended  it  for  general  cultivation, 
but  soon  afterwards  found  that  it  drops  its  fruit, 
is  inclined  to  rot,  does  not  ripen  well,  and  mil- 
dews badly,  and  so  stated ;  admitting,  however, 
that  ''this  grape  is  very  fine,  when  you  can  get 
it."  Bunch  medium  to  large,  shouldered,  com- 
pact ;  berries  varying  in  form  from  oval  to  ob- 
late, nearly  black  in  color,  and  profusely  cov- 
ered with  bloom;  flesh  sweet,  buttery  and  lus- 
cious, without  foxiiiess  in  its  aroma  and  with 
but  little  toughness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp.  An 
early  but  a  shy  bearer. 

Talman's  Seedling,  or  Tolman.  (Labr.) 
Grown  in  Western  New  York,  as  an  early  mar- 
ket grape,  CLOSELY  RESEMBLING  HARTFORD. 
Bunch  medium  to  large,  compact,  shouldered ; 
berry  large,  black,  adheres  to  the  stem.  Skin 
thick  and  firm;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  somewhat 
pulpy,  with  slight  foxy  flavor ;  vine  a  very  rank 


vigorous  grower,  perfectly  hardy  and  healthy 
and  very  productive ;  said  to  ripen  a  week  ear- 
lier than  Hartford;  quality  not  very  good,  yet 
by  some  preferred  to  Hartford.  The  same  va- 
riety was  said  to  have  been  sent  out  under  the 
name  of  "Champion,"  as  a  new  variety,  but  its 
proprietor,  R.  J.  Donnelly,  of  Rochester,  claims 
that  his  "  Early  Champion"  is  a  new  grape,  ri- 
pening two  weeks  before,  the  Tolman,  or  any 
other,  and  he  is  permitted  to  refer  to  Ellwanger 
&  Barry,  Hooker,  and  other  high-standing  Hor- 
ticulturists who  have  seen  the  grape  growing. 

Triumph.  (Campbell's  Concord  Hybrid 
No.  6.)  Is  pronounced  by  Mr.  Samuel  Miller, 
to  whom  Mr.  Campbell  confided  this  new  vari- 
ety for  testing  and  propagation  in  Missouri,  as 
the  most  promising  of  all  the  white  grapes.  It 
is  a  cross  between  Concord  and  Chasselas 
Mosquee,  (Syn.  Joslyn's  St.  Albans.)  Like  his 
Concord  Muscat,  it  has  retained,  even  more  than 
this,  the  vigor  and  general  habit  of  foliage  and 
growth  of  its  parent;  its  fruit  however,  is  wholly 
free  from  any  vestige  of  coarseness  or  fox  flavor, 
or  smell.  Bunch  and  berry  are  very  large; 
color  white ;  skin  thin ,  no  pulp ;  small  seeds 
and  few  of  them;  ripens  later  than  Concord, 
(Sept.  16,  here,)  nearly  as  late  as  Catawba,  and 
on  that  account  not  recommended  for  the  North 
or  for  any  locality  where  the  season  is  too  short 
to  ripen  the  Catawba  or  Herbemont,  but  the 
more  valuable  further  South ;  quality  first  rate ; 
vine  healthy  and  hardy,  very  productive  and 
free  from  disease,  showing  no  rot  when  even 
Concord  rotted  more  or  less.  He  predicts  a 
splendid  career  for  this  variety,  and  we  ourselves 
wish  and  hope  that  its  success  may  justify  its 
name. 

Uhland.  A  new  seedling  from  the  Louisi- 
ana, raised  by  Fr.  Munch,  and  considered  by 
him  the  most  hardy  and  prolific,  and  conse- 
quently the  most  promising  of  the  lot. 

Una.  (Labr.)  A  white  seedling,  raised  by  Mr.  E. 
W.  Bull,  the  originator  of  the  Concord.  Not  as  good 
nor  as  productive  as  Martha.  Bunch,  and  "berry  small,  of 
a  very  foxy  flavor;  not  desirable . 

Underbill.  Syn.  UNDERBILL'S  SEEDLING,  UN- 
DERBILL'S CELESTIAL.  (Labr.)  Originated  at  Charl- 
ton,  Saratoga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  A.  K.  Underbill;  pro- 
nounced as  "  of  no  more  value  than  many  other  fox 
grapes  "  by  Mr.  Fuller,  but  considered  by  G.W.  Camp- 
bell to  be  "  of  more  value  than  the  lona  for  general  cul- 
tivation." Bunch  medium,  to  large,  moderately  com- 
pact; lerrUs  full  medium,  round,  of  Catawba  color;  pulp 
tender,  sweet,  rich  and  vinous,  slightly  foxy;  ripens 
early,  about  with  the  Concord;  vine  a  strong  grower, 
hardy,  healthy  and  productive.  Not  yet  tested  here. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


77 


Union  Village.  Syn.  SHAKER,  ONTARIO. 
(Labr.)  Originated  among  the  Shakers  at  Un- 
ion Village,  Ohio.  One  of  the  largest  of  the 
native  grapes  we  have,  and  one  of  the  strongest 
growing  vines.  It  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  the 
Isabella,  scarcely  better  in  quality,  but  the 
bunches  and  berries  are  of  the  size  of  the  Black 
Hamburgs.  Bunches  large,  'compact,  shoul- 
dered; berries  very  large,  black,  obloug;  skin 
thin,  covered  with  bloom;  flesh  quite  sweet 
when  fully  ripe,  and  of  tolerably  good  quality ; 
ripens  late  and  unevenly.  Vine  a  coarse  grower 
but  tender,  requires  protection  in  severe  win- 
ters ;  often  unhealthy. 

Urbaiia.  (Lair.)  Bunch  medium,  short,  shoul- 
dered; berry  medium  to  large,  round,  white-yellowish 
in  the  sun,  juicy,  vinous  acid;  hard  centre,  aromatic 
skin.  Ripens  about  with  Isabella. — Downing. 

Venango,  or  Minor's  Seedling.  (Labr.) 
An  old  variety,  said  to  have  been  cultivated  by 
the  French  at  Fort  Venango,  on  Alleghany 
river,  some  eighty  years  since.  Bunch  medium, 
compact;  berries  above  medium,  round,  often 
flattened  by  their  compactness,  color  pale  red, 
a  fine  white  bloom ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  sweet,  but 
pulpy  and  foxy ;  vine  a  vigorous  grower,  very 
hardy,  healthy  and  productive. 

Victoria.  Ray's  (Lair.}  This  new  variety  is  being 
introduced  (1871—1872)  by  Mr.  M.  M.  Samuels  of  Clin- 
ton, Ky.,  who  describes  it  as  follows:  ' ( Bunches  and 
'berries  medium  size,  round,  light  amber  color;  skin 
thin;  pulp  tender,  sweet  and  highly  flavored;  vines  per- 
fectly healthy;  abundant  bearer,  and  a  good,  but  not 
rampant  grower."  This  grape  has  been  tested  fora 
number  of  years  by  a  few  individuals,  in  different  parts 
of  the  South,  and  has,  even  under  adverse  circumstances 
been  free  from  both  mildew  and  rot;  it  ripens  there 
about  the  middle  of  August,  and  was  pronounced  an 
excellent  table  grape,  making  also  a  superior  wine. 

"We  find  it  quite  similar  to  Perkins. 

Weehawken.  Raised  by  Dr.  Chas.  Siedho.f 
of  North  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  from  a  seed  of  a  grape 
from  the  Crimea — V.  Vinifera.  A  white  grape 
of  fine  quality. 

Its  foliage  is  very  handsome,  and  decidedly 
foreign  in  character;  its  fruit  fine;  but  only  by 
grafting  it  on  native  roots,  and  careful  nursing 
and  covering  in  winter  can  we  obtain  some  of 
it  in  favorable  seasons. 

"White  Delaware.  A  pure  Delaware  seed- 
ling, originated  with  Mr.  Geo.  "W.  Campbell,  of 
Delaware,  O.,  of  whom  we  received  a  few  vines 
of  this  variety  in  1873. 

The  vine  is  claimed  to  be  much  more  vigor- 
ous and  robust  in  habit  than  the  Delaware  under 
the  same  conditions  and  circumstances ;  its  foli- 
age is  large,  thick  and  heavy,  resembling  that 


of  Catawba  more  than  Delaware.  With  him  it 
has  so  far  resisted  both  mildew  and  rot  in  very 
unfavorable  seasons,  and  has  matured  its  fruit 
perfectly  when  both  Concord  and  Delaware 
were  destroyed.  In  flavor  it  seems  to  Mr. 
Campbell  all  that  can  be  desired,  even  superior 
to  the  old  Delaware.  Its  only  fault,  he  says,  is 
want  of  size ;  the  berries  and  bunches  will  both 
rather  fall  below  than  go  above  the  size  of  Del- 
aware. In  form  of  bunch  and  berry  it  is  like 
the  Delaware,  compact  and  shouldered;  color 
greenish-white,  with  thin  white  bloom.  Produc- 
tive, but  apparently  not  as  subject  to  overbear 
as'  the  Delaware. 

If  its  more  vigorous  habit  should  make  this 
new  variety  succeed  in  localities  where  the  Del- 
aware fails,  then  the  want  of  size  would  not 
prevent,  in  our  opinion,  its  becoming  a  very 
valuable  vineyard  grape.  We  consider  it  wor- 
thy of  trial. 

Another  White  Delaware  seedling  has  been 
raised  by  Mr.  Herm.  Yaeger  of  Neosho;  while 
the  bunch  and  berries  closely  resemble  the  Del- 
aware in  shape  and  size,  it  has  otherwise  every 
characteristic  of  a  Labrusca. 

Whitehall.  (Lair.)  A  new,  early  black  grape, 
supposed  to  be  a  chance  seedling,  originated  on  the 
grounds  of  Mr.  George  Goodale,  in  Whitehall,  Wash 
ington  Co.,  N.  Y.  and  said  to  be  nearly  three  weeks 
ahead  of  the  Hartford  Prolific  I  Messrs.  Merrell  & 
Coleman,  who  have  propagated  and  now  offer  this  new 
grape,  describe  the  fruit  to  be  the  size  of  the  Isabella; 
lunch  large  and  moderately  compadt,  color  dark  pur- 
ple ;  lerries  thin  skinned,  and  adhering  well  to  the  stem ; 
pulp  tender,  melting  and  sweet.  The  vine  is  said  to  be 
a  good  grower,  hardy  and  free  from  mildew. 

This  variety  may  most  likely  be  worthy  the  attention 
of  grape  growers  in  search  of  very  early  sorts. 

Wilmington.  (?)  A  white  grape,  originated  on 
the  farm  of  Mr.  Jeffries ,  near  Wilmington ,  Del. ,  Vine 
very  vigorous,  hardy.  Bunches  large,  loose,  shoulder- 
ed; lerries  large,  round,  inclining  to  oval,  green- 
ish-white, or  when  fully  ripe,  yellowish.  Flesh  acid  ; 
pungent,  not  desirable  at  the  north— may  be  better 
south.  Ripens  late. — Downing. 

Wilmington  Red.  Syn :  WYOMING  RED.  (Lair.) 
Raised  and  disseminated  by  S.  J.  Parker,  M.  D.,  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  and  according  to  Fuller,  ' '  nothing  more  than  an 
early  red  fox  grape,  but  little  better  than  the  old  Nor- 
thern Muscadine."  The  Horticulturist,  of  Nov.  1874, 
speaks  of  the  Wyoming  Red,  (probably  the  more  correct 
name  of  Dr.  Parker's  red  fox  grape  seedling)  as  being 
rapidly  diffused  and  much  in  demand  there,  as  an  early 
profitable  grape. 

Winslow.  (Cord-)  Originated  in  the  garden  of 
Charles  Winslow,  Cleveland,  O.  The  vine  resembles 
Clinton,  is  hardy  and  productive;  the  fruit  matures 
very  early,  and  is  less  acid  than  Clinton;  lunch  medium, 
compact;  berry  small,  round,  black.  Flesh  reddish 
tinge,  some  pulp,  vinous,  juicy.— Downing. 


78 


BUSHBEKG  CATALOGUE. 


THE  WALTER  GEAPE. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


^Walter.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  that  enthusias- 
tic horticulturist,  Mr.  A.  J.  Caywood,  of  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  crossing  the  Delaware  with  the 
Diana.  From  the  many  premiums  awarded  to 
this  grape,  from  the  favorable  reports  by  all 
who  have  seen  or  tested  it  for  wine,  it  may  well 
claim  to  be  a  first  class  grape,  and  to  merit  a 
trial  wherever  American  grapes  are  successfully 
grown.  It  labors  yet  under  the  disadvantage  of 
having  been  representsd  as  the  climax  of  per- 
fection, or,  at  least,  as  being-  superior  to  all 
other  American  varieties,  by  its  originator.  In 
justice  to  the  latter,  however,  it  must  be  admit- 
ted that  he  honestly  believes  all  he  claims  for 
his  seedling,  and  has  distributed  the  same  with 
a  liberality  and  a  disinterestedness  scarcely  ever 
equalled  by  any  originator  of  a  new  variety.  It 
is  now  growing  in  almost  every  soil  and  loca- 
tion of  this  Union,  and  the  opinions  on  its  true 
merits  and  adaptability  for  general  cultivation 
widely  differ  according  to  localities.  In  those 
where  vines  are  much  subject  to  mildew,  the 
Walter  cannot  nourish,  it  drops  its  foliage,  and 
is  far  from  desirable ;  but  in  favorable  localities, 
especially  where  the  Delaware  succeeds  well, 
there  the  Walter  will  also  prove  desirable — a 
fair  grower  and  good  bearer.  Even  in  less  fa- 
vored localities  it  proved  healthy  and  gave 
splendid  results — when  grown  on  Concord  or 
other  vigorous  roots,  while  on  its  own  roots  it 
failed. 

In  general  appearance  the  characters  of  both 
the  Diana  and  Delaware  are  discernible.  The 
bunch  and  berry  are  of  medium  size,  of  light 
Catawba  color.  Flesh  tender,  rich  and  sweet, 
with  an  agreeable  spicy  flavor,  strongly  remind- 
ing of  the  Diana.  The  fruit  is  possessed  of  a 
most  exquisite  and  delicate  aroma,  and  a  bou- 
quet equalled  by  no  other  American  grape  that 
we  know  of.  Quality  best,  both  for  table  and 
for  wine.  Ripens  very  early,  about  same  time 
as  Delaware.  Vine,  in  moderately  rich  sandy 
soil,  where  free  from  mildew  and  from  Phyllox- 
era, a  very  fair  grower,  with  dark  brown,  short- 
jointed  wood ;  large  tough  leaves,  green  on  the 
upper  and  lower  surface,  not  woolly ;  must  99° 
to  105° ;  acid  5  to  8  per  mill. 

Wilder.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  4.)  This 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  and 
popular  varieties  for  the  market  in  cultivation, 
its  size  and  beauty  being  equalled  by  its  vigor, 
hardiness  and  productiveness.  Bunch  large, 
often  shouldered,  sometimes  weighing  a  pound ; 
berry  large,  globular;  color  dark  purple,  nearly 
black;  slight  bloom.  Flesh  tolerably  tender, 
with  a  slight  pulp,  juicy,  rich,  pleasant  and 


sweet.  Ripens  with,  and  sometimes  earlier 
than  the  Concord,  keeping  for  a  long  time. 
The  vine  is  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  pro- 
dvitive;  roots  abundant,  of  medium  thickness, 
straight,  with  a  smooth,  moderately  firm  liber. 
Canes  heavy  and  long,  with  well-developed  lat- 
erals. Wood  firm  with  a  medium  pith.  The 
figure  of  the  Agawam  (page  34),  and  of  the 
Senasqua  (page  75),  may  serve  as  fair  illustra- 
tions of  the  form  and  appearance  of  the  Wilder 
grape. 

Wylie's  New  Seedling-  Grapes.  "Too  much 
can  scarcely  be  said  in  praise  of  Dr.  Wylie's  persevering 
efforts  in  the  improvement  of  the  grape."— P.  J.  Berclc- 
mans,  Ghas.  Downing,  Thomas  Meetian,  W.  C.  Flagg, 
P.  T.  Quinn,  Committee  on  Native  Fruits,  of  the  Am. 
Pomol.  Society.  (Proceedings  1871,  page  54.) 

This  testimony,  and  the  excellent  character  of  these 
hybrids,  as  regards  flavor  and  general  appearance,  en- 
title them  to  special  attention;  and  we  give  them  a 
place  in  our  Catalogue,  although  they  have  not  been 
sufficiently  tested,  and  we  are  now  growing  them  under 
restrictions  not  to  sell  or  give  out  any  wood  of  same. 
But  as  soon  as  they  will  have  been  sufficiently  tested  in 
different'localities  and  proven  satisfactory,  their  origin- 
ator will  distribute  them  with  great  liberality,  though 
few  persons  can  appreciate  the  immense  labor  and  per- 
severance which  his  experiments  have  cost.  As  early 
as  1859  he  had  raised  many  seedlings  of  Delaware  and 
Foreign;  all  have  proven  failures.  Catawba,  Isabella, 
Halifax,  Union  Village,  Lenoir,  Herbemont,  and  other 
hybrids,  which  he  produced  by  crossing  any  of  those 
with  foreign,  have  nearly  all  failed — most  of  them  from 
mildew  and  rot.  Many  would  produce  vines  of  healthy 
appearance,  but  they  would  fail  to  set  their  fruit.  In 
1863  he  had  over  one  hundred  promising  seedlings; 
gave  Mr.  Robert  Guthrie,  of  York  County,  S.  C.,  about 
65,  mostly  hybrids  of  Halifax  and  Delaware.  These 
flourished ,  and  never  missed  a  full  crop ;  but  after  some 
years  Mr.  Guthrie  hsid  to  be  absent,  and  the  vines  were 
entirely  neglected.  Mr.  Wylie's  own  soil  is  a  tenacious 
pipe  clay,  the  worst  for  grapes,  and  during  the  war, 
owing  to  quartering  of  troops  adjoining  his  lot,  his 
vines  were  ruined.  Thus  there  exist  now  but  a  few  of 
those  Halifax  and  Delaware  Hybrids  saved  again  by  Mr. 
Guthrie.  In  1868  Mr.  Wvlie  planted  about  one  hundred 
seedlings  of  Concord  fertilized  with  foreign,  and  about 
fifty  Diana  fertilized  with  West's  St.  Peter,  white  Chas- 
selas  and  Lady  Downe's  Seedling.  Of  these  many  mil- 
dewed badly,  some  died,  and  he  abandoned  them.  Af- 
ter many  failures  to  produce  seedlings  of  Hybrid-Scup- 
pernongs,  he  finally  succeeded,  but  owing  to  a  little 
hot  house  being  over-heated,  he  again  lost  nearly  all  of 
them.  He  commenced  anew  with  his  experiments  and 
had  hundreds  of  new  seedlings  growing,  when  they 
were  cut  down  by  a  severe  frost,  on  the  27th  of  April, 
1872,  a  frost  which  killed  all  kinds  of  grape  vines  in 
that  section.  Again,  in  November,  1873,  his  resi- 
dence was  burned ,  (no  insurance)  and  consequently  he 
had  to  leave  his  place  to  depredations  from  broken 
fences,  &c.  But  it  is  now  rebuilt,  and  Mr.  Wylie  is 
back  again  at  his  old  place,  experimenting  and  working 
with  the  same  zeal  and  enthusiasm  as  ever,  wishing: 


BtTSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


"  If 1  were  only  young  again — with  the  experience 

We  extract  the  following  from  Mr.  Wylie's  letters  to 
ourselves,  feeling  confident  that  it  will  be  found  inter- 
esting to  grape  growers,  as  characteristic  of  the  origi- 
nator and  his  new  Hybrids.  « ' I  send  you  some  scions 
for  grafting,  of  some  of  my  best  Hybrids.  I  wish  you 
to  give  them  a  fair  trial.  I  hardly  think  that  any  of 
them  will  prove  tender  with  vou,  except  'Jane  "Wylie.' 
Those  which  I  found  most  hardy,  and  judge  to  be  so 
also  North  (from  parentage) ,  I  mark  *.  In  describing 
my  different  Hybrids  I  always  name  the  female  parent 
first,  viz :  Halifax  and  Delaware  means  that  Halifax  is 
the  female  and  Delaware  the  male  parent. ' ' 

Jane  Wylie.  (Parentage,  Clinton  and  Foreign.) 
Bunch  and  "berry  very  large;  berries  nearlv  one  inch  in 
diameter;  quality  lest,  resembling  foreign  in  texture 
and  flavor,  ripens  early  and  hangs  long;  might  require 
winter  covering  in  your  climate  and  further  North. 

*  Clinton  and  Foreign,  (Red  Frontignac,)  No.  6. 
White,  slightly  red  on  cheek;  resembles  white  Chasse- 
1  as ;  lunch  large;  "berries  above  medium;  not  as  early  as 
Jane  Wylie;  wood  and  foliage  NATIVE;  seems  quite 
hardy,  and  is  of  highest  quality. 

Harry  Wylie.  A  Hybrid,  (label  of  parentage  lost) 
white;  lunch  and  berries  about  size  of  Lenoir,  more 
shouldered;  beautiful  and  excellent. 

* No.  4.  A  cross  between  two  Hybrids. 

Bunch  some  larger  than  Lenoir;  berry  medium,  of  a  clear 
transparent  golden  color;  finest -texture  and  flavor,  re- 
sembling white  Frontignac.  Ripens  as  early  as  Con- 
cord; native  foliage,  but  ahead  of  all  American  grapes 
in  quality;  considered  of  the  highest  excellence  by 
Downing,  Saunders,  Meehan  and  others. 

* No.  5.  (Delaware  and  Clinton) .  Bunch  and 

berry  larger  than  Delaware;  color  of  fruit  a  fine  pink. 
' '  Berckmans  writes  me  that  it  bore  well  with  him 
(scarcely  any  grape  does  well  on  his  soil),  says  it  is  as 
strong  and  healthy  a  grower  as  Clinton  (stronger  with 
me);  he  thinks  it  of  promise,  and  worthy  a  name.  I 
am  anxious  for  you  to  try  it.  Foliage  native;  does  not 
rot  or  mildew  here." 

*  Garnet.     (Red  Frontignac  and  Clinton.)    Bunch 
and  berry  larger  than  Clinton,  of  a  beautiful  deep  garnet 
color;  flavor  and  texture  foreign,  but  native  foliage. 

Concord  and  Foreign  (Bowood  Muscat,)  No.  8. 
Black;  bunch  and  berries  very  large  and  loose;  skin  thick; 
texture  foreign ,  flavor  slightly  musky.  A  strong  grower 
with  large  Labrusca  foliage .  Ripens  a~s  late  as  Catawba. 

Halifax  and  Hamburg-,  No.  11.  Black.  Bunch 
and  berry  medium  size ;  skin  thick ;  only  valuable  on  ac- 
count of  its  extreme  productiveness  and  health;  has 
never  rotted  in  ten  years. 

Peter  Wylie  No.  1.  (Parentage:  F.,  Halifax  and 
Foreign,  M.,  Delaware  and  Foreign.)  White;  transpa- 
rent, becoming  golden  yellow  when  fully  ripe;  bunches 
and  berries  between  Delaware  and  Concord.  A  vigor- 
ous, short-jointed,  rapid  growing  vine,  with  thick,  na- 
tive leaves;  holds  its  leaves  and  ripens  its  wood  thor- 
oughly. (Also  Peter  Wylie  No .  2,  produced  from  seed 
of  P.  W.  No.  1.) 

Robert  Wylie.  Blue;  bunch  large  and  long;  btrry 
large;  skin  thin;  rich  and  juicy;  ripens  as  late  as  Ca- 
tawba. A  great  bearer;  one  of  my  best,  but  it  may  not 
be  quite  hardy,  as  the  wood  is  not  very  hard. 


Gill  Wylie.  (Concord  and  Foreign.)  Blue;  bunch 
large,  loose,  and  much  shouldered;  berry  large,  oblong; 
texture  soft  and  rich;  ripens  with  Concord,  but  alto- 
gether superior.  Intensely  Labrusca  in  foliage,  and 
clear  of  all  disease.  Considered  of  greatest  promise. 

*  Delaware  and  Concord  No.  1.  Dark  red; 
bunch  and  berry  medium;  skin  tolerably  thick;  juice  rich 
and  sweet,  slightly  musky;  vine  very  hardy,  with  La- 
brusca foliage;  a  great  bearer,  never  fails,  and  may 
make  a  fine  wine  grape. 

Herbemont  Hybrid.  (Halifax  and  Foreign  No.  1 
and  Herbemont  No.  2.)  Dark  blue;  bunch  and  berry 
medium;  one  of  the  most  tender,  sweet,  and  high-fla- 
vored grapes  in  the  collection.  A  healthy  vine,  hardy 
here. 

Hybrid  Scuppernong*  No.  5,  (Parentage:  F., 
Bland  Madeira  and  Foreign  No.  1;  M.,  Stamminate  Hy- 
brid Scuppernong;  produced  by  impregnating  Black 
Hamburg  with  Scuppernong.)  So,  you  see,  it  is  only  a 
quarter  blood  Scuppernong.  I  have  never  yet  had  a 
half  breed  Scuppernong  to  bear  perfect  fruit.  The 
vine  is  healthy  and  hardy  here;  it  bears  a  white,  trans- 
parent, fruit.  Bunch  medium,  berries  large;  skin  thin, 
but  tough;  almost  pulpless,  rich,  sweet,  with  a  peculiar 
flavor;  appears  to  ripen  its  berries  together  (as  early  as 
Concord)  and  adhere  well,  which  some  of  the  Hybrid 
Scuppernong  do  not.  I  think  it  may  suit  your  climate; 
it  is  certainly  worthy  of  a  full  trial. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  3O.  Color  of  Dela- 
ware; bunch  about  same  size;  berries  one-half  larger; 
texture  and  flavor  also  much  like  Delaware,  but  holds 
(here)  its  leaves  better,  and  is  healthier  generally,  with 
leaves  somewhat  hoary  underneath.  A  great  bearer. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  38.  Of  deeper  red 
color  than  the  former,  and  of  superior  flavor,  but  not  as 
strong  a  grower  as  No.  30.  Wood  hard,  leaves  hoary, 
and  ferruginous  (rusty)  underneath.  Mr.  Guthrie  tells 
me  that  this  -variety  was  the  most  preferred  among 
about  80  Hybrids  he  had  bearing. 

Halifax  and  Hybrid  No.  55.  Blue,  like  Hali- 
fax, but  high-flavored,  tender  and  very  sweet;  bunch 
and  berry  larger  than  Nos.  30  and  38.  I  think  it  will 
prove  a  great  acquisition. 

I  have  sent  you  nearly  all  of  my  Hybrids  that  may  be 
sufficiently  hardy  for  your  climate.  There  are  two 
more  which  I  would  like  for  you  to  try,  but  the  vines 
were  so  nearly  destroyed  that  I  have  no  wood  worth 
sending.  I  still  continue  to  Hybridize,  more  or  less 
every  year."  A.  P.  WYLIE. 

York  madeira.  Syn.  BLACK  GERMAN,  LARGE 
GERMAN,  SMALL  GERMAN,  MARION  PORT,  WOLFE, 
MONTEITH,  TRYON.  An  old  variety,  probably  a  seed- 
ling of  Isabella;  originated  at  York,  Pa.  Bunch  medium 
sized,  compact  and  generally  has  a  small  shoulder;  berry 
of  medium  size,  roundish  oval,  black,  thickly  covered 
with  a  light  bloom;  juice  slightly  reddened,  sweet,  vin- 
ous, not  very  rich;  skin  somewhat  pungent  and  not 
much  toughness  in  its  pulp  when  fully  ripe,  which  is 
about  same  time  with  Isabella.  The  vine  is  not  very 
hardy,  short-jointed,  moderately  vigorous  and  produc- 
tive, but  often  losing  its  leaves,  and  consequently  fail- 
ing to  ripen  its  crop.  Charles  Canby  of  "Wilmington , 
Del.,  introduced  the  same  variety  as  Canby' s  August. 
BydSs  Miza  (Catskill,  N.  Y.,)  is  probably  also  the 
game  grape. 


a  o 


s  . 


I.    MANUAL. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Aspect ;  Meterological  and  other  influences  affecting  the  Grape 

Historical  Notes.  Attempts  to  cultivate  the  European  Grape;  their  failure.  Why  we  must  look  to 

indigenous  species  for  success > ... 

Classification  oi  the  true  Grape-vines  of  the  United  States,  by  Dr.  G.  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

with  our  Viticultural  Remarks,  and  a  table  of  Grape-seeds : 

Location.  Preparing  the  soil;  Planting;  Number  of  Vines  per  Acre 

Grafting* .' 

Planting-.  (Continued.)  Heeling  in;  Manure 

Training-.  Treatment  during  first  year.  Trellis  or  Stakes.  Cultivating 

Treatment  during  Second  and  Third  Seasons ;  Tying 

Spring  or  Summer  Pruning 

Fall  or  Winter  Pruning,  and  Subsequent  Management 

Diseases  of  tne  Grape , 

Insects  Injurious  to  the  Grape 

Gathering,  Packing,  Preserving  and  Wine  Making 


Page 

1 
2,    3 

4—12 

13,  14 

15—18 

18 

19—20 
21 

21—23 
24 
25 
26 
31 


II.    DESCRIPTION   OF   VARIETIES. 


The  Standard  names  are  in  SMALL,  CAPITALS— (the  more  prominent  varieties  in  LARGE  CAPITALS) ;  the  Synonymous 
names  in  Italics;  Discarded  old  varieties,  and  undisseminated  novelties,  in  ordinary  type. 
Varieties  marked  by  a  *  are  illustrated. 


Page. 

ADIRONDAC 33 

Adelaide 35 

Advance 33 

AGAWAM* 34 

Ailcen 60 

Albino 35 

Aletha 35 

Alexander 33 

ALLEN'S  HYBRIDS 35 

ALVEY 35 

Amanda 35 

Amoureux 71 

AMINIA 35 

Anna  35 

ARNOLD'S  HYBRIDS 36 

Arnold's  Hybrid,  No.  I...  69 

Arnold's  Hybrid,  No.  2*..  44 

Arnold's  Hybrid,  No.  5*. .  36 

Arnold's  Hybdid.  No.  8*. .  39 

Arnold's  Hybrid,  No ,16*.  40 

Arrot 36,  41 

Aughwick 36 

August  Pioneer 36 

AUTUCHON* 36 

BaTcer  (Isabella) 60 

Baldwin  Lenoir 36 

Balsiger's  No.  32 43 

Barnes 36 

KARRY  37 

Baxter 37 

BELVIDERE 37 

Berks 37 

Birds  Egg 37 

Black  Cape 33 

BLACK  DEFIANCE 37 

BLACK  EAGLE*..  37—38 

Black  German 80 

BLACK  HAWK 37 

Black  July 48 

Black  King 37 

Black  Muscadine 54 

Black  Spanish 69 


Bland 37 

Bland' s  Madeira 37 

Bland' s  Pale  Red 37 

Bland' s  Virginia 37 

Blood's  Black 37 

Bloom 43 

BLUE  DYER 37 

Blue  Favorite 37 

Blue  Grape. 48 

Blue  Imperial 37 

Bogue's  Eureka 60 

Bottsi .....  39 

BRANDT* 39 

Brandy  wine  2 

Brinkle 2 

BRIGHTON 39 

Brown 60 

Bull  or  Bullace* 73 

Bullit  (Taylor) 75 

Burgundy  of  Ga 70 

Burroughs' 39 

Burton's  Early 39 


CAMBRIDGE... 

Camden 

CANADA* 

Canby's  August , 

Cape 

Carter , 

CASSADY  

CATAWBA  . . 
Catawba  Tokay. 


39 

39 

40 

80 

33 

76 

41 

40 

40 

Gatawissa ". .  41 ,  43 

CHALLENGE 41 

Champion,  Early. ...   41,  76 

Charlotte* ^ 41,  50 

Charter  Oak 41 

Christie's  Improved 60 

Christine 75 

Cigar  Box 69 

Clara* 41 

Claret 41 

Clifton' s  Constant™ 33 


CLINTON 1'2 

Cloanthe ; 60 

Clover  Street  Black 41 

Clover  Street  Red 42 

Columbia 42 

Columbia  County   43 

CONCORD 42 

'CONCORD  CHASSELAS 43 

CONCORD  MUSCAT 44 

Concord  Hybrid,  No.  6 76 

Gonstantia 33 

CONQUEROR  44 

CORNUCOPIA* 44 

COTTAGE 43 

Cowan 43 

CREVKLING 43 

CROTON  .  45 

CUNNINGHAM* 45,  46 

Cuyahoga 44 

CYNTHIANA* 47 

Dana 48 

DELAWARE* 49 

Delaware  Hybrids 13,  80 

Detroit 48 

DEVEREUX 48 

DIANA* 50 

Diana  Hamburg 48 

Don  Juan 48 

Downing 51 

DRACUT  AMBER 51 

EARLY  CHAMPION 41,  76 

Early  Hudson 51 

Elizabeth 51 

ELSINBURGH 51 

Msinboro' 51 

ELVIRA 51 

Emily 2 

ESSEX 51 

EUMELAN* 52 

Eureka.  . .                       54 

Eva...  43 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Fancher,  

P"S 

MARTHA*  

65 
65 
65 
65 
43 
48 
64 
41 
41 
66 
65 
66 
77 
66 
42 
80 
2 
66 
66 
63 

67 
55 
67 
65 
67 
67 
60 
67 
67 
67 
68 
68 

69 
41 
69 

77 
69 
69 

60 
70 
60 
42 
70 
60 
71 
•37 
71 

71 

71 
71 
71 
71 
70 
40 
47 
71 
71 
73 
71 
73 
54 
72 
65 
79 
72 
72 
63 
54 
34 
66 
71 
35 
51 
37 
56 
72 

RothrocTc  .  . 

,  is 

Flora. 

54 

Mary.. 

RULANDER 

71 

Flowers 

54 

MARY  ANN. 

SALEM  

72 

Flower  of  Missouri 

54 

MASSASOIT. 

Framingham 

54 

M  AXATAWNE  Y* 

Sanbornton  

60 

Franklin. 

54 

McCowan. 

Saratoga  

41 

GAERTNER  

54 

McLean.. 

Schiller  .. 

73 

McNeil.. 

Schuylkill  Muscadel  .  .  . 

33 

Garnet  

80 

Meads  Seedling 

SCUPPERNONG*    

...73,  74 

Garber7  s  Albino  

35 

Merceron 

Scuppernong  Hybrid..  . 

80 

Giant  Leaf  

71 

MERRIMAC 

SECRETARY*  

73 

GOETHE*  

..53,  54 

Mianna 

Segar  Box  

69 

Golden  Clinton  

..        54 

MILES 

SENASQUA*     

75 

Golden  Concord  

43 

Seneca.  . 

73 

Graham  

54 

Missouri 

ShaTcer 

77 

Greencastle  

65 

Modena 

Sheppard's  Delaware 

50 

Hagar  

35 

Monteith 

Sherman  

64 

Sherry. 

48 

Halifax  Hybrids  

80 

Singleton  , 

40 

Hart        

48 

^                     T        ,       

80 

HARTFORD  PROLIFIC  

54 

Smart  '  s  Elsinboro  ' 

51 

Hattie               

56 

Neff 

76 

HERBEMONT*     

55 

Spring  Mill  Oonstantia, 

33 

Herbemont  '  s  Madeira  .... 

55 

80 
56 

Neil  Grape. 

St.  Catherine 

73 

Herbemont  Hybrid  

NEOSHO. 

St.  Genevieve  

71 

HERBERT  

Nerluton.                                . 

Talman'  s  Seedling  

76 
33 

HERMANN*  

..56—58 

Newark 

Hermann  Seedling  

58 

Newport 

TasTcers'  Grape  

Hettie  

56 

Nnnftnt/nm 

TAYLOR  .     

75 

HINE*  

58          North  America 

Taylor'  s  Bullit 

...        75 

Howell  

..                59                     NnTJTTT   f*  AT?r»T  TTST  A* 

Tekoma  .... 

41 

60 

NORTHERN  MUSCADINE  .  .  . 
NORTON 

TELEGRAPH. 

75 

Humboldt  

59 

Theodosia  

76 

Huntingdon      

59 

Thomas. 

76 

Husson  .                       ... 

48 

OHIO  

48 

Hyde's  Eliza 

59,  80 

TO-KALON 

76 

Imperial  

59 

Omega  

7fi 

Onondaga  

TRIUMPH 

76 

IONA 

60 

Ontario  

60 

-  go 

IRVING*  .. 

59 

Oporto  

Tryon 

ISABELLA 

60 

OTHELLO  

Tuleu 

48 

ISRAELLA  

60 

U.  B  

65 

Italian  Wine  Grape*  

49 

PAULINE  

I  VES*  

..60,  61 

Payne's  Early  

Una  

76 

Jves  Seedling  

..        61 

Underbill  

76 

Jack,  Jaques  or  Jaquez. 

Kalamazoo  

Katarka  

69 

61 
2 

Pioneer  
Pollock  
Powell  

Underhill's  Hybrids  . 
UNION  VILLAGE  
IJrbana  

37,  59,  75 

77 

77 

Keller's  White  
KeuTca.  
Kilviugion  ... 

King. 

41 
67 
61 
54 

Putnam  
Quassaic  
Raabe  .  . 

VENANGO  
Vevay  
Victoria,  Ray's  

"W  A  T  TTTR* 

77 
33 

77 

'"Q 

King  William  

65          Raritan  

Warren  

55 

Kingsessing  
Kitchen              .   .. 

61 
61 

Red  Ellen  

Warrenton  

55 

77 

Kittredge*  

60 

Red  Lenoir  .  .. 

Wemple  

44 

Labe.. 

61 

Red  Muncy  

Red  River*  .  .  . 

White  Cape  

33 

LADY*  

61         RENTZ  

WHITE  DELAWARE 
White  Catawba  

77 
41 

Lee7  s  Isabella  
Lehigh 

60 
37 

Rickett's  Seedlings  
Riesenblatt  

Whitehall  
WHITE  MUSCADINE*. 
WILDER  

77 
73 
79 

LENOIR.... 

63  - 

Lincoln  
LlNDLEY  

48 
63 

Roger*'   Hybrid,  No.    1*. 
2  . 
3  . 
4  . 
5  . 
8*. 
9  . 
14  . 
15*. 
19  . 
36  . 
39  . 
41  . 
43  . 
44  . 

Wilmington  

77 

77 

Logan    

63 

Winne  

33 

LOUISIANA  
Luna  

.  .  .         bU 
63 
65 

Winslow.  
Wolfe  

77 
80 
fin 

LYDIA..  
Lyman  

63 
63 

Worden's  Seedling. 

42 

4.9 

M  acedonia  
Maguire  

43 
65 

Wright's  Isabella 
Wylie  s  Hybrids.  

60 

79,  80 
7fi 

Main  Grape  
Mammoth  Catawba  
Manhattan  
Marine's  Seedlings  

42 
41 
65 
65 

Wyoming  Red  
Yellow  Muscadine*. 

77 
73 

YorTc  Lisbonne 

33 

MARION 

65 

York  Madeira 

80 

Marion  Port.  .  .  . 

80 

Young  America.  .  . 

42 

BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Fancher  

Pafte. 

40 

MARTHA*. 

Page. 
64 

65 
65 
65 
65 
43 
48 
64 
41 
41 
66 
65 
66 
77 
66 
42 
80 
2 
66 
66 
63 

67 
55 
67 
65 
67 
67 
60 
67 
67 
67 
68 
68 

69 
41 
69 

77 
69 
69 

60 
70 
60 
42 
70 
60 
71 
•37 
71 

71 

71 
71 
71 
71 
70 
40 
47 
71 
71 
73 
71 
73 
54 
72 
65 
79 
72 
72 
63 
54 
34 
66 
71 
35 
51 
37 
56 
72 

Rothrock 

"Ts 

Flora  

54 

Mary.. 

RULANDER 

•       71 

Flowers    

54 

MARY  ANN. 

SALEM 

72 

Flower  of  Missouri  .   .  .  . 

54 

MASSASOIT. 

framingham    

54 

M  AXATAWNE  Y* 

Sanbornton 

60 

Franklin  

54 

McCowan. 

Saratoga 

41 

GAERTNER  

54 

McLean., 

Schiller 

73 

McNeil.  . 

Schuylkill  Muscadel 

33 

Garnet  

80 

Meads  Seedling 

SCUPPERNONG* 

73    74 

Garber's  Albino  

35 

Merceron 

Scuppernong  Hybrid.. 
SECRETARY*. 

80 
73 

Giant  Leaf  

71 

MERRIMAC 

GOETHE*  

....53,  M 

Mianna  . 

Segar  Box. 

69 

Golden  Clinton  

MILES 

SEXASQUA* 

75 

Golden  Concord  

43 

Seneca. 

73 

Graham  

54 

Missouri 

Shaker 

77 

Greeucastle  

65 

Modena 

Sheppard's  Delaware 

50 

Hagar  

35 

Monteiih 

Sherman  

64 

Montgomery  

Sherry  

48 

Hart  

48 

MOTTLED*   
Mount  Lebanon 

Singleton  
Small  German. 

40 
80 

HARTFORD  PROLIFIC. 

54 

Muench's  Seedlings 

Smart's  Elsiriboro1    . 

51 

Hattie 

56 

Neff 

Spq/ord  Seedling  
Spring  Mill  Oonstantia 
St.  Catherine 

76 
33 

HERBEMONT*     

55 

Herbemont  '  a  Madeira  .  . 

55 

Neil  Grape. 

73 

Herbemont  Hybrid  .  .  . 

80 

A'EOSHO 

71 

HERBERT  

56 

Nerluton. 

Talman'  s  Seedling 

76 

HERMANN*  

....56—58 

Newark. 

Hermann  Seedling  
Hettie  

58 
56 

Newport. 

Taslcers'  Grape  

33 

Nnn  Antnm 

TAYLOR 

75 

HINE*  

58              North   Amorina 

Taylor'  s  JBullit 

75 

Howell  

59 

NORTH  CAROLINA*.  .  .  .  ?  
NORTHERN  MUSCADINE  .  .  . 
NORTON 

Tekoma 

41 

Hudson           .. 

60 

TELEGRAPH 

75 

Humboldt  

59 

Theodosia  

76 

Huntingdon  

59 

Norton1  's   Virginia/ 

Thomas  

76 

Husson  

48 

OHIO  

Thurmond-. 

48 

Hyde's  Eliza 

59,  80 

TO-KALON 

76 

Imperial  

59 

Omega  

TOLMAN 

76 

Onondaga  

TRIUMPH 

76 

KXNA  

60 

Ontario  

60 

IRVING*  

59 

Oporto  

Tryon 

-    QA 

ISABELLA  

60 

OTHELLO  

Tuley 

40 

ISRAELLA  

Italian  Wine  Grape* 
Ithaca  .  . 
IVES* 

60 
49 
59 
60    61 

Paign's  Isabella  
PAULINE  
Payne's  Early  

U.  B... 
UHLAND  
Una 

65 
76 
76 

Jves  Seedling  
Jack,  J  agues  or  Jaquez.  . 

Kalamazoo  

61 
69 

61 

Paxton  
PERKINS*  

Pioneer  
Pollock  

D              77 

Underbill  
Underbill's  Hybrids 
UNION  VILLAGE 
Urbana  

76 
37,  59,  75 
77 
77 

Katarka  
Keller's  White 

2 
41 

Putnam  

VENANGO  

77 

Keuka  

67 

Quassaic  

Vevay  

33 

Kilvmgton  
King.  

61 
54 

Raabe  .  . 

Victoria,  Ray's  

77 

King  William  

65     i     Raritan  

Warren  

55 

Kitchen  

61 
61 

Red  Elben  

Warrenton  

55 

Kittredge*  

60 

Red  Lenoir  .  .. 

TT7                 7 

77 

Labe.., 
LADY*  

Red  Munzy  
61           Red  River*  
61         RENTZ  

White  Cape  
WHITE  DELAWARE.. 

44 
33 
77 

Lehfgh  
LENOIR  

60         REQUA  
.  .   .  .        37          Rickett's  Seedlings.  . 
63  •       Riesenblatt  

White  Catawba  
Whitehall  
WHITE  MUSCADINE* 
WILDER  

41 
77 
73 
79 

LINDLEY  

48 
63 

Roger*'   Hybrid,  No. 
tt 

1*. 
2  . 
3  . 

4  . 
5  . 
8*. 
9  . 
14  . 
15*. 
19  . 

39  ! 
41  . 
43  . 
44  . 

Wilmington  

77 

77 

Logan   

Louisa  ,    
LOUISIANA  

63 
60 
63 

Winne  
Winslow  

33 
77 

Luna  
LYDIA..  
Lyman  

65 
63 
63 

Wolje  
Woodward  
Worden's  Seedling  — 

80 
60 
42 
40 

M  acedonia  
Maguire  

,    ,,.        43 
65 

Wright's  Isabella 
Wylie  s  Hybrids.  

60 
79,  80 

Main  Grape  
Mammoth  Catawba.  .  .  . 
Manhattan.. 

42 

41 
65 

Wyman  
Wyoming  Red  

Yellow  Muscadine* 

76 

77 

73 

Marine's  Seedlings  .... 

65 

YorTc  Lisbonne 

33 

MARION  

65 

York  Madeira 

80 

Mar-ion  Port  

..   ..        80 

Young  America.  .  . 

42 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN     INITIAL    F7NE    OF    25    CFMT^ 


8  1933 


FEB   17 


16' 
REC'D  LD 

DEC  7 -1959 


YD  02460 


